2002～2010年天津城区居民营养与健康状况的比较研究

发布时间：2018-08-14 15:22

【摘要】：目的：本研究旨在通过对城市居民膳食和生活方式等数据信息进行分析,了解天津城区居民营养状况和健康水平,掌握主要慢性病危险因素分布特点,对比研究膳食和生活方式的变化情况,发现高危人群及主要的危险因素,为政府部门有针对性的制定和调整相应的政策提供依据,从而采取更好的干预措施。方法：采取分层随机整群抽样方法抽取6个居委会的75个居民户的常住居民进行调查,调查内容包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测。采用SPSS15.0统计软件包,依据数据的分布特点运用卡方检验、t检验、非条件logistic回归分析等统计方法对数据进行整理分析。结果：与2002年相比,2010年城区居民的膳食结构有所改善。对健康有益的食物如蔬菜、鱼虾类、奶类、豆类及坚果的平均摄入量有所增加,年增长速度分别为5.3%、0.1%、2.6%、2.8%；油脂类和盐的摄入量下降,人均摄入量分别为25.4g和7.5g；谷薯类的摄入量增长迅速,超出了推荐摄入量89.1g；肉类摄入量超过推荐的25%；蛋类摄入量保持在62.5g左右。男性谷薯类、肉类摄入量高于女性；18-44岁人群蔬菜水果、豆类摄入量最低,奶类摄入量最高；年龄大者食盐摄入量高。大多数维生素和矿物质摄入量也较2002年接近推荐摄入量。膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、VC摄入量分别增加到11g、442μgRE、0.9mg、1.0mg、16mg、83mg,其中青年人膳食纤维摄入最低；铁、钾、锌的摄入量达到了适宜水平；钙的摄入量增加到477g,为推荐摄入量的60%；钠的摄入量却是推荐量的2倍。高脂肪、高蛋白、低碳水化合物是膳食结构的主要特点。调查对象标化超重率由39.2%上升到41.9%,标化肥胖率从20.7%下降到19.7%,中老年男性超重、肥胖率均上升,女性超重率有下降趋势；高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常的患病率均呈上升趋势,分别达到45.6%、10.3%、28.4%,中老年人及男性是高血压、糖尿病的高危人群,女性及中青年人群是血脂异常的高危人群。高血压患病率最高,多因素非条件logistic回归分析发现,高血压危险因素包括年龄45岁及以上、吸烟、超重、肥胖、油脂摄入大于30克,保护性因素有尼克酸的摄入量高和体重减轻。慢性病生活方式危险因素水平较2002年有所改善,但仍处于较高水平。吸烟率从30.1%下降到23.0%,女性及18-44岁人群下降的最多；被动吸烟率从40.5%上升到43.5%,以中年人上升比例最高；标化饮酒率从20.4%下降到14.5%,主要是青年男性饮酒率下降；体育锻炼率由38.2%上升到77.5%；标化睡眠不足率从39.0%下降到18.8%,45-59岁人群睡眠质量提高最多。患高血压者采取药物治疗的比例由75.3%上升到90.6%,其中年龄大者和女性治疗率较高；糖尿病知晓率、知晓者治疗率分别上升到74.5%、90.9%,但控制率下降到41.7%,男性控制率较女性好,青年人群知晓率和治疗率均最低,控制率最好；血脂异常知晓率、治疗率、控制率较2002年均有所下降,女性和老年人治疗率相对较高,青年人控制率较好。结论：天津城区居民的多种食物的摄入量较2002年增加,动物性食物摄入超标；膳食结构和慢性病危险因素较2002年有所改善和降低,但改变的力度不足,慢性病患病率依然上升,但青年人患病率下降；预防和治疗慢性病应更多的从改变膳食和生活方式开始；45岁及以上、肥胖、吸烟、高油脂摄入是高血压的危险因素；中老年人和男性是慢性病的高危人群；建议政府应创建健康支持性环境,加强对重点人群的干预与管理。
[Abstract]:Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the nutritional status and health status of urban residents in Tianjin by analyzing the dietary and lifestyle data of urban residents, to understand the distribution characteristics of major chronic disease risk factors, to compare the changes of diet and lifestyle, and to find out the high-risk groups and major risk factors for the government departments. It will provide a basis for formulating and adjusting policies accordingly, so as to take better intervention measures.
Methods: 75 resident households of 6 neighborhood committees were selected by stratified random cluster sampling method for investigation, including inquiry survey, medical examination and laboratory test. Collation and analysis of data.
Results: Compared with 2002, the dietary structure of urban residents improved in 2010. The average intake of healthy foods such as vegetables, fish and shrimp, milk, legumes and nuts increased by 5.3%, 0.1%, 2.6% and 2.8% respectively. The intake of oil and salt decreased by 25.4 g and 7.5 g respectively. The intake increased rapidly, exceeding the recommended intake of 89.1 g; meat intake exceeded the recommended intake of 25%; eggs intake remained at about 62.5 g. Male cereals and potatoes, meat intake was higher than female; 18-44 year-old people had the lowest intake of vegetables and fruits, legumes and milk; older people had the highest intake of salt. The intake of dietary fiber, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, VC increased to 11 g, 442 UG RE, 0.9 mg, 1.0 mg, 16 mg, 83 mg respectively, with the lowest intake of dietary fiber in young people; the intake of iron, potassium and zinc reached the appropriate level; the intake of calcium increased to 477 g, the recommended intake. High fat, high protein and low carbohydrate are the main characteristics of dietary structure. The standardized overweight rate of the subjects increased from 39.2% to 41.9%, and the standardized obesity rate decreased from 20.7% to 19.7%. The overweight rate of middle-aged and old men and obesity rate increased, while the overweight rate of women declined. The prevalence of urinary diseases and dyslipidemia increased to 45.6%, 10.3% and 28.4% respectively. The elderly and men were high-risk groups for hypertension and diabetes mellitus, while women and young and middle-aged people were high-risk groups for dyslipidemia. Smoking, overweight, obesity, fat intake more than 30 grams, protective factors are high intake of nicotinic acid and weight loss. The level of lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases has improved from 2002, but is still at a higher level. The rate of standardized drinking dropped from 20.4% to 14.5%, mainly among young men; the rate of physical exercise increased from 38.2% to 77.5%; the rate of standardized sleep deprivation decreased from 39.0% to 18.8%, and the sleep quality of people aged 45-59 improved the most. The proportion of people with hypertension taking medication was 75.3%. The awareness rate of diabetes mellitus increased to 74.5% and 90.9% respectively, but the control rate dropped to 41.7%. The male control rate was better than the female. The awareness rate and treatment rate of young people were the lowest, and the control rate was the best. The awareness rate of abnormal blood lipid, treatment rate and control rate of diabetes mellitus were all the highest in 2002. The rate of treatment for women and the elderly is relatively high, and the control rate of young people is better.
Conclusion: The intake of various foods in Tianjin urban area increased compared with 2002, and the intake of animal food exceeded the standard; the dietary structure and risk factors of chronic diseases were improved and decreased, but the change was insufficient, the prevalence of chronic diseases was still rising, but the prevalence of young people was declining; prevention and treatment of chronic diseases should be changed more. It is suggested that the government should create a healthy supportive environment to strengthen the intervention and management of key groups.
【学位授予单位】：天津医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：R151.41

【引证文献】