某铜冶炼厂车间环境空气污染特征研究及其防治对策

发布时间：2018-11-25 15:40

【摘要】：铜冶炼过程中，车间环境主要存在烟尘（铜、铅、镉、砷等）、SO_2、硫酸雾等空气污染物，这些污染物会通过呼吸、皮肤接触对作业人员的身体健康构成危害。基于某铜冶炼厂的工程分析，找出污染物危害的关键控制点；结合现场监测与实验室分析，探讨各工段车间环境空气中重金属污染、SO_2、硫酸雾等污染的特征；同时，收集职业人群年龄、工龄、岗位等信息，采集作业人员血、尿等生物样品，分析血铅、血镉和尿砷等参数；采用SPSS16.0、Excel2003软件进行数据处理与统计分析；探讨车间空气污染物的来源，，综合评价车间空气污染物的分布特征以及对作业人员身体健康的影响。结果表明：（1）由工程分析和现场调查得出，熔炼车间主要污染物为熔炼过程中产生的含重金属的烟尘、SO_2；硫酸车间污染程度相对较高，主要污染物为烟气中的SO_2和硫酸雾；电解车间及阳极泥处理车间酸性溶液贮槽露天布置形成了无组织酸雾面源；阳极泥处理车间主要污染源是重金属烟尘、SO_2；亚砷酸生产是湿法过程，主要的污染物是砷及其化合物和硫酸雾。（2）车间环境空气污染以重金属、SO_2为主。车间环境空气中的重金属污染主要集中在熔炼车间，其中铜的浓度范围是0.001~0.268mg/m~3，铅的浓度范围是0.030~0.135mg/m~3，镉的浓度范围是0.020~0.630mg/m~3，砷的浓度范围是0.001~0.227mg/m~3，浓度均值大于阳极泥处理车间；SO_2污染分布比较广，熔炼车间的浓度范围是0.25~15.51mg/m~3，高于车间外环境，也高于其他车间；电解车间砷化氢污染较为严重，浓度范围是0.030~0.214mg/m~3；电解车间硫酸雾浓度范围是0.13~0.98mg/m~3，均值高于其它车间。（3）铅污染对作业人群的危害较大。整体血铅浓度与年龄、工龄相关性不显著(P＞0.05)，但回转窑、金银电解工段职工血铅浓度与年龄相关性显著（P＜0.05），回转窑工段血铅浓度与工龄相关性显著（P＜0.05），男性组与女性组间血铅浓度差异有极显著性意义(P＜0.01)，男性组血铅水平显著高于女性组水平；血镉浓度与年龄、工龄相关性不显著(P＞0.05)；尿砷浓度与年龄、工龄的相关性不显著(P＞0.05)，男性组与女性组间尿砷浓度不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05)。（4）冶炼厂采取了较为先进的环保措施，采取的管理措施在环境监管方面起到了积极作用。
[Abstract]:In the process of copper smelting, smoke and dust (copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, etc.), SO_2, sulfuric acid mist and other air pollutants exist in the workshop environment. These pollutants will be harmful to the health of workers through breathing and skin contact. Based on the engineering analysis of a copper smelter, the key control points of pollutant hazard are found out, and the characteristics of heavy metal pollution and SO_2, sulfuric acid mist pollution in the environment of each workshop are discussed in combination with field monitoring and laboratory analysis. At the same time, collecting the age, length of service, post and other information of the occupational population, collecting the blood, urine and other biological samples, analyzing the parameters of blood lead, blood cadmium and urine arsenic, using SPSS16.0,Excel2003 software for data processing and statistical analysis; The sources of air pollutants in the workshop were discussed, and the distribution characteristics of air pollutants in the workshop and their effects on the health of the workers were comprehensively evaluated. The results are as follows: (1) from engineering analysis and field investigation, the main pollutants in smelting workshop are heavy metal soot, SO_2;. The pollution degree of sulfuric acid workshop is relatively high, the main pollutants are SO_2 and sulfuric acid mist in flue gas, the open air arrangement of acid solution storage tank in electrolytic workshop and anode mud treatment workshop forms an unorganized acid fog surface source. The main pollution source of anode mud treatment workshop is heavy metal dust, the production of SO_2; arsenite is a wet process, and the main pollutants are arsenic and its compounds and sulfuric acid mist. (2) heavy metal and SO_2 were the main air pollution in workshop. Heavy metal pollution in the ambient air of the workshop is mainly concentrated in the smelting workshop, in which the concentration range of copper is 0.001 ~ 0.268 mg / m ~ (-3), lead is 0.030 ~ 0.135 mg / m ~ (3), cadmium is 0.020 ~ 0. 630 mg / m ~ (3), CD is 0.020 ~ 0.30 mg / m ~ (3), and the concentration range of CD is 0.020 ~ 0.30 mg / m ~ (3). The concentration range of arsenic is 0.001 ~ 0.227 mg / m ~ (3), and the average concentration of arsenic is larger than that of anode mud treatment workshop. The concentration range of SO_2 is 0.25 ~ 15.51 mg / m ~ (-3), which is higher than that of outside environment and other workshops, and the pollution of hydrogen arsenide in electrolytic workshop is more serious, the concentration range is 0.030 ~ 0.214 mg / m ~ (3). The concentration range of sulfuric acid mist in electrolytic workshop is 0.13 ~ 0.98 mg / m ~ (-3), which is higher than that in other workshops. (3) lead pollution is harmful to the working population. There was no significant correlation between blood lead concentration and age (P > 0.05), but there was a significant correlation between blood lead concentration and age in rotary kiln, gold and silver electrolysis workers (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between blood lead concentration and working age in rotary kiln (P < 0.05). There was significant difference between male group and female group (P < 0.01). The level of blood lead in male group was significantly higher than that in female group. There was no significant correlation between blood cadmium concentration and age, length of service (P > 0.05), urinary arsenic concentration with age and length of service (P > 0.05), and there was no significant difference between male group and female group (P > 0.05). (4) the smelter has taken more advanced environmental protection measures, and the management measures have played an active role in environmental supervision.
【学位授予单位】：南昌航空大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R134;X51

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