玉米田喷雾作业对施药者职业暴露初步研究

发布时间：2019-05-29 20:17

【摘要】：农药职业暴露风险评估对保障农药施用者的人身安全起着举足轻重的作用。国外对此研究较多而且建立了属于他们自己的暴露模型。我国对于职业暴露风险的研究处于起步阶段，缺乏足够的数据支持，难以建立符合我国实情的暴露模型。因此本文以毒死蜱喷雾作业为例，采用全身整体取样法研究了玉米田农药施用者的皮肤暴露剂量情况，建立了采样媒介中毒死蜱含量的检测方法，并采集了我国玉米田不同高度时期施药场景下施药者田间农药暴露的数据，归纳了田间施药者农药暴露量及分布情况。主要研究内容以及结果如下： 1建立了毒死蜱的暴露量检测方法并进行了验证。采用GC-FPD检测施药者采样媒介中毒死蜱含量。毒死蜱的标准曲线为y=20.14x（R2=1），在0.01～100.00μg/mL之间成线性且线性相关性较好。LOD和LOQ分别为0.01μg/mL和0.05μg/mL。采样媒介防护服的添加回收率在83.52%～99.30%之间，平均添加回收率大于89.25%，RSD均小于5.34%；手套的添加回收率在94.29%～117.81%之间，平均添加回收率大于102.91%，RSD均小于7.09%；活性炭的添加回收率在73.62%～96.74%之间，平均添加回收率大于77.71%，RSD均小于10.20%。三种采样媒介的添加回收率和RSD符合试验要求。 2研究了毒死蜱在采样媒介中的稳定性，结果表明，在田间试验结束后，将采集的样品运输回实验室，不会影响样品的实验分析结果。试验样品在常温（25℃左右）放置48h毒死蜱在采样媒介中稳定存在，在4℃下放置7d毒死蜱在采样媒介中稳定存在，在冷冻（18℃）条件下放置180d毒死蜱在采样媒介中稳定存在，三种存放条件下都不会影响样品的实验分析结果。因此，本实验可以在田间采集样品，运输到实验室，可以放置在冷冻条件下储存180d，预处理中的样品可以暂时存放在4℃冰箱中，7d之内处理完毕即可。正在处理中的样品在常温下48h之内处理完毕即可。以上规定时间内，均不会影响样品检测结果。 3采用全身整体取样法研究了玉米植株不同高度时期喷药施药者身体各部位暴露量情况。研究发现，玉米高度为58.8cm时，内、外防护服平均暴露总量分别为4.233μg/g和26.873μg/g，，外防护服暴露量较大部位是外左、右小腿，达到了102.236和97.361μg/g，内防护服暴露量较大部位是内小腿和袜子，内、外防护服暴露量较大部位都是集中在身体下半部位。玉米高度为105.9cm时，内、外防护服平均暴露总量分别为23.387μg/g和102.991μg/g，外防护服暴露量最大部位除了小腿外，小臂和手套也暴露量也较大，内防护服暴露量最大部位除了袜子和小腿外，手套和大腿暴露量也很大。玉米高度为173.6cm时，内、外防护服平均暴露总量分别为15.097μg/g和116.680μg/g，外防护服中暴露量最严重部位较多集中在身体中部偏上部位，如小臂、上臂和手套，内防护服中暴露量最严重部位也较多集中在身体中部偏上部位，如小臂、手套和大腿。 随着玉米高度由58.8cm到173.6cm，内、外防护服暴露量较大部位发生迁移，由身体下半部位迁移到身体上半部位，玉米高度为58.8cm时施药者暴露量身体右侧比左侧大，玉米高度为105.9cm和173.6cm时左右两侧差异不明显。 4在玉米田施药时施药者应注意加强自身防护，当玉米高度较低时，注意身体下半身、右侧的防护，随着玉米高度的增加，防护区域扩增到上半身，左右两侧都需要防护，喷药时尽量避免皮肤与叶片上药液的直接接触。背部是与施药器械直接接触区域，而且喷雾器口部靠近人体头部，要注意选择性能良好的喷雾器，避免发生农药药液溅洒。此外要养成科学的喷药习惯，施药时最好天气晴朗。
[Abstract]:The risk assessment of pesticide occupational exposure plays an important role in ensuring the personal safety of the application of the pesticide. There are more studies abroad and a model of exposure to them is established. Our country's research on the risk of occupational exposure is at the beginning stage, lacking sufficient data support, and it is difficult to establish the exposure model which is in conformity with the reality of our country. In this paper, a whole body sampling method is used to study the skin exposure dose of the pesticide in the corn field, and the detection method of the content of the poison in the sampling medium is established. The data of pesticide exposure in the field of pesticide application in different height of corn field in China were collected, and the exposure and distribution of the pesticide in the field were summarized. The main contents and results are as follows: 1. The method for detecting the exposure of the drug-dead body was established and the test was carried out. Use of GC-FPD to detect the content of poison in the sample medium of the applicator The standard curve of the poison-dead body is y = 20.14 x (R2 = 1), linear and linear correlation between 0.01 and 100.00. m u.g/ mL Good. LOD and LOQ were 0.01. mu.g/ mL and 0.05. mu.g/ m, respectively. L. The recovery rate of the protective clothing of the sampling media is 83.52% ~ 99.30%, the average recovery rate is greater than 89.25%, the RSD is less than 5.34%, the recovery rate of the gloves is 94.29% ~ 117.81%, the average addition recovery rate is greater than 102.91%, the RSD is less than 7.09%, and the recovery rate of active carbon is 73.62% ~ 96.74%. The average recovery rate was greater than 77.71% and the RSD was less than 10.20. %. The addition recovery and RSD of the three sampling media are in accordance with the test The stability of the drug in the sampling medium is studied. The results show that after the field test is over, the collected samples can be transported back to the laboratory without affecting the sample's experimental scores. The results of the analysis were as follows: The test samples were placed at room temperature (about 25 鈩

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