试论休谟、康德和玻姆的因果观

发布时间：2018-01-03 05:23

本文关键词：试论休谟、康德和玻姆的因果观　出处：《四川师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“因果关系”一直以来都是西方哲学中的一个重要范畴,它作为一个先天正确的假设被人们所使用,直到近代经验论哲学家休谟那里才第一次被清晰而深刻地讨论。休谟站在纯粹经验主义的立场,对因果关系的客观性、普遍性、必然性提出了质疑,并对因果关系的成因提出了自己的心理学解释;但是,康德不满其心理学解释,并提出了先天综合判断来解决“休谟问题”。休谟和康德都处在经典力学的辉煌时期,不论是因果关系的客观、普遍、必然的属性,还是他们在讨论因果关系时所举实例以及所用方法,都与经典力学有着密切的关系。所以,本文想联系经典力学来讨论休谟和康德的因果观。文章分为五部分。第一部分即“序论”,介绍了选题及其意义,介绍相关研究情况。第二部分,交代了休谟和康德的因果观产生的思想背景,主要对古希腊时期的因果观以及近代经典力学作了介绍。古希腊时期的哲学家对世界的原因(本原)提出了不同的看法,正是这些看法成为之后因果观发展的线索。而在经院哲学之后,从十四世纪有着“近代科学之父”之称的伽利略开始,物理学进入了科学时代,到牛顿时期物理学成为人类智慧的光辉典范和其他学科的榜样。机械的因果观正是在此背景下形成并随着经典力学的辉煌一起深入人心的。第三部分介绍并分析了休谟的因果观。休谟从经验论角度对因果关系或因果律进行了细致分析,并提出了哲学史上有名的“休谟问题”。休谟发现了组成因果观念的三个因素:时空上的接近、前后相续(原因在前结果在后)、原因与结果的必然联系。他认为,一切事实都建立在因果联系之上,而因果信念是根据风俗习惯产生的。第四部分论述了康德对“休谟问题”的回应。康德认识到单纯从经验或者理性的角度都不能对因果关系的普遍必然性给出证明。他通过论证“先天综合判断何以可能”并提出“人为自然立法”的观点来回应“休谟问题”。第五部分讨论了当代著名量子物理学家、自然哲学家戴维·玻姆的因果观,他对量子现象提出了“量子势因果解释”,并对传统的机械因果观进行了反思,认为一一对应的因果关系在实际中并不存在,因果概念是对现实的复杂因果关系的抽象。玻姆以自己提出的量子理论为基础,对偶然与必然的辩证关系进行了深刻剖析:因果性定律和机遇性定律共同决定着事物的实际发展,因此,它们之中的每一个单独来看充其量只是客观实在的一个部分的和近似的表示,最终必须借助另一个来加以矫正。
[Abstract]:"Causal relationship" has always been an important category in western philosophy, it is used by people as a priori the correct hypothesis, until modern empiricism philosopher Hume that was first clearly and deeply discussed. Hume stood in the position of pure empiricism, objectivity, universality of causality, questioned the necessity, and causes of the causal relationship is proposed to explain their psychology; however, Kant's dissatisfaction with their interpretation of psychology, and puts forward the innate comprehensive judgment to solve the "Hume problem". Hume and Kant in the glorious period of classical mechanics, whether the causal relationship between the objective and universal, inevitable attribute. Or they are discussing the causal relationship for example and the method, have a close relationship with classical mechanics. So, this paper want to contact the classical mechanics to discuss with Hume and Kant The view. The article is divided into five parts. The first part is "Introduction", introduces the topic and its significance, introduced the related research situation. The second part, explain the causality of Hume and Kant's view of the ideological background of the ancient Greece, the main causal view and modern classical mechanics are introduced. In ancient Greek philosopher the reason of the world (origin) put forward different views, it is these views after becoming the causality clue of development. But in scholasticism, from fourteenth Century is the "father of modern science" said Galileo started into the era of science, physics, physics to Newton is a shining example of human wisdom and in other disciplines example. Mechanical causality is developed under this background and people with classical mechanics brilliant. The third part introduces and analyzes the causality of Hume Hume. The angle makes a thorough analysis on the causal relation or causality from the experience, and puts forward the philosophy in the history of the famous "Hume problem". Hume found three factors: time and space close to the concept of causality, successive (in front in the post), relation of cause and effect. He that all the facts are based on causal relationships, and causal beliefs is generated according to the customs. The fourth part discusses Kant's response to the "Hume problem". Kant realized that only from experience or rational angle are not on the causal relationship between the universality and necessity are demonstrated. Through his argument of "innate comprehensive judgment is" and put forward "human nature legislation" point of view in response to the "Hume problem". The fifth part discusses the famous contemporary quantum physicist, philosopher David Bohm the causal nature of his view, quantum The phenomenon proposed a causal interpretation of quantum potential, and mechanical causality to the traditional view of reflection, that the corresponding causal relationship does not exist in practice, the notion of causality is the reality of the complex causal relationship. On the basis of the abstract Bohm quantum theory put forward, on the chance and necessity of the dialectical relationship between the deep analysis: causal law and opportunity of law determines the actual development of things, therefore, of them every single point of view is just the objective reality of a partial and approximate representation, and ultimately must have the aid of another to be corrected.

【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B025.5

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