表象思维的“时间”意识基础

发布时间：2018-01-06 09:35

本文关键词：表象思维的“时间”意识基础　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“时间”问题由来已久,它的起源同人类自我意识的起源一样,都是个斯芬克斯之谜。这个谜就如奥古斯丁在《忏悔录》第十一篇之中所说:“没人问我,我还知道,若有人问我,我想向他说明时,便茫然不知了。”当然,对于“时间”的问题或本质奥古斯丁并非全然无知,同样在《忏悔录》中他这样写到:“所以,在我看来,时间无非是一种广延;但我不知道它是何种事物的广延。而它若不是心灵自身的广延,那倒令人惊异了。”“时间”就其直接地看来它并非什么奥秘,它反倒是再清楚不过的东西,而且现实生活中也已经有了不可尽数的“计时”方式。在这些一个比一个精确的“计时”方式中,我们仿佛看到了“时间”的“本性”:首先,它是一种绝对客观存在的东西,它无始无终并均匀地流逝以至它可以被无限地分割,而万事万物都在这个时间之流中;此外,在它与人的关系中,“时间”一方面规定着人另一方面它又好像是人手上可支配的物件一样,即它与人是绝然分割开来的。这样被理解了的“时间”就是“客观时间”,而它在牛顿的经典物理学中则被表述为“绝对时空观”。然而,“时间”的“本性”果然如此吗?我们又该如何理解“时间”对于我们的关系?为什么在我们感觉自己可以“支配”“时间”的同时又感受到了一种“紧迫感”,好像“时间”不再仅仅是外在于我们的事物,它反倒直接关联着我们的生命本身?就像奥古斯丁所理解的那样,“时间”是心灵自身的广延,而这种时间就是“主观时间”。这样,“计时”设备计算的就不是绝对客观的“时间”,它计算的恰恰是人的生命与心灵。然而,在这种主观意义上的“时间”中我们又如何理解世界中诸事物的“客观”“时间”秩序?因此,无论把“时间”单纯地归结为“主观”的还是“客观”的,我们都会遇到不可克服的理论困难。最终,“时间”问题仍停留在一片云雾之中。此外,对于“时间”的理解也决定着人们对于世界中“事物”的理解,而一般为人所接受的“时间”观则是牛顿式的“绝对时空观”。这种“时间”观认为“时间”是客观世界的容器,它自身无始无终又永恒当下。究到极处,它的“实在性”便被归结为每个当下的“现在点”,而“时间”则正是一切列彼此排斥的“现在点”的集合。在这种“时间”观下,世界中“事物”的“时间性”存在则被理解为现成地放置在“时间”之中并占据一定量“时间”的“现在点”的集合,就像苹果放在篮子里一样。这样,“时间”与“事物”就是彼此不相干的两张皮,它们都可以脱离对方而独自存在,而这种存在则是“现存”的因而也就是没有根据的。在这种“时间”观前提下对“事物”以及由此“事物”组合成的“世界”之理解方式我们称之为“表象思维”,而牛顿式的“绝对时空观”正是“表象思维”的逻辑基础。对于这种未反思其根据的“时间”观以及由此带来的“表象性”的思维方式,无论黑格尔还是胡塞尔都给予了非常严肃而细致的批评,他们都把对“表象思维”的批判当做了界定“哲学”及其特有的思维方式的尺度。然而,真正开始对“绝对时空观”做逆转的则是康德,正是在康德的批判哲学中我们看到了“时间”与主体的全部可能的关系及诸种复杂情况。这是一个充满矛盾的体系,对这个体系中“时间”观点的细致分析给了我们一条通向对“时间”之本真本质之理解的可能道路,这条道路通向的正是“时间”意识的现象学。我们最终会发现,作为终点的“时间”意识正是“事物”与“世界”的绝对源泉,它同时还是人的“存在”本身。因此,在“时间”意识这里,“客观时间”与“主观时间”的矛盾及其带来的理论困难就得到了解决,而正是在对“时间”之理解的变革同时我们的思维方式也发生了相应的变革。
[Abstract]:"Time" is a long-standing problem, its origin of human self consciousness origin, is a mystery. The mystery of Steefan Kors as Augustin in "Confessions > eleventh discourse said:" nobody asked me, I also know that if someone asked me, I would like to explain to him, then don't know. "Of course, the" time "or the essence of Augustin is not completely ignorant, as in" Confessions "he wrote:" so, in my opinion, time is nothing more than an extension; but I don't know what it is. And if it is not extended is the soul the extension, that's amazing. "" time "will direct the opinion it is not what secret, it is clear that in real life, but also has countless" time ". In these more than an exact" time "in, We seem to see the "time" and "nature": first of all, it is a kind of absolute objective existence of things, it is uniformly passed and lacking beginning and end it can be infinitely divisible, and everything in the stream of time; in addition, the relationship between it and the people in the "time" provisions the person on the other hand it also seems to be the hands of disposable items, and that it is completely separated from the people. This is the understanding of "time" is the "objective time", which is in Newton's classical physics has been described as "absolute space-time". However, "time" the "nature" right enough? How can we understand the "time" for our relationship? Why we feel we can "control" "time" at the same time feel a "sense of urgency", like "time" is no longer just In our things, it is directly related to our life itself? As Augustin understand that "time" is the soul of its extension, and this time is "subjective time." thus, "timing" equipment calculation is not absolutely objective "time", it is precisely calculated the life and soul of people. However, in the subjective sense of "time" in how we understand the world in all things "objective" and "time" order? Therefore, regardless of the "time" simply summed up as "subjective" and "objective", we will encounter difficulties not theory to overcome the problem. Finally, the "time" is still in a fog. In addition, the "time" the understanding also determines the understanding in the world of the "things", and generally accepted the concept of "time" is Newton The "absolute space". The "time" concept that "time" is the container of the objective world, it's also the eternal moment. Lacking beginning and end to the extreme, it's "reality" has been attributed to the current "now", and "time" are all listed repel each other the "now" collection. In the "time" concept, in the world of the "things" and "time" is understood as readily placed in the "time" and occupy a certain amount of "time" "now" set, like apple in the basket. As such. "Time" and "things" is the two skins of unrelated, they can be separated from each other and exist independently, and that there is "existing" and hence it is not according to the "time". In the view of "things" and the "under the premise of things" A "world" to understand the way we called "image thinking", and the Newton type "absolute space" is the logical basis of "image thinking". For this reflection according to the "time" concept and the "image" way of thinking, either Hagel or Husserl give a very serious and careful criticism, they put on the "image thinking" as a critique of the definition of "philosophy" and its unique way of thinking of the scale. However, the real start reversal of "absolute space" is Kant, is in Kant's philosophy we see "all the possible relationship between time and subject and the complex situation. This is a paradox of the system, the system of" time "view of the detailed analysis gives us a way to" time "the true May the road quality understanding, this road leads to the "time" is the phenomenology of consciousness. We will finally find the end point as "time" consciousness is the "things" and "the world" the absolute source, it is also one of the "existence" itself. Therefore, the awareness of here "", "the theory of objective contradictions difficult time" and "subjective time" and have been solved, and it is in the understanding of "time" and change our way of thinking has also undergone a corresponding change.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B80-0

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