王充《论衡》中的“命定论”研究

发布时间：2018-01-08 21:34

本文关键词：王充《论衡》中的“命定论”研究　出处：《河南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《论衡》一书是研究王充思想的主要著作依据，也是解读汉代思想史重要的文献资料。从其成书至今将近两千年，论者对之评价褒贬不一，赞者称之为一代伟著，天下奇书；毁者贬之为离经叛道，非法无圣。差距如此，争议亦大。《论衡》所体现出来的思想谱系，即王充思想的内容，主要分为四大方面，即元气自然论、无神论、认识论、命定论。而在《论衡》的篇章结构中，有关“命定论”思想的部分占据着较大的比重。在《论衡》的思想谱系中，“命定论”思想是其重要的组成部分，是王充的自然观在社会和历史领域中的延伸。尽管在当今的思维视角下，这种延伸不可避免的存在局限，但它是王充思想的有机构成部分，是当时历史环境下知识分子对时代的感知和思考，有着丰富的内涵。《论衡》中关于“命”的理论，源于王充对自身命运遭遇的感知，显示了王充作为知识分子对当时社会历史环境下人生境遇的思考。面对人生世事的变化无常，以及个人对命运的无可奈何，，王充将根本原因归结于“气”，认为“气”的厚薄决定人之“命”的差别。人禀“气”厚，则“命”好；人禀“气”薄，则“命”差。“气”一旦禀受，人的后天努力很难将之改变，而“气”来源于“天”。这样的认识，是王充把其自然论机械地运用到社会领域的结果，他忽视了社会的复杂性，未能认识社会领域特殊的发展规律，最终不可避免地走向了消极的命定论。鉴于《论衡》是了解王充思想的主要依据来源，对《论衡》成书等相关史实的考订，是准确把握王充生平事迹，进而解读王充思想的前提。在此基础上，简要分析《论衡》的思想谱系，目的在于承上启下，突出“命定论”在《论衡》的篇章结构和王充思想体系中都占有重要的地位。王充“命定论”思想由一系列相关元素构成，王充“命定论”思想的基点是“气”，核心是“命”，外在表现是“体”，实现条件是“时”，还包含有“后天可教”的“性”。王充的人生观和社会历史观都直接体现了他的命定论思想。王充“命定论”思想的形成并非偶然，论文主要从社会氛围、个人遭遇及理论局限性三方面进行分析。王充个人遭遇特别是坎坷的仕途，对王充“命定论”形成的影响是巨大的。王充的仕途不遇并非偶然，是其性格中内在的多种因素综合作用的结果。“命定论”是王充思想在现实社会的落脚点，其困局存在深层的理论根源。王充对人生和人性的思索，带有现实的批判精神，折射出产生不公的社会现实，但这难以掩盖其思想中的消极成分，万般皆命定的消极意识仍然是其思想的最大局限所在。王充“命定论”思想对“命”的思索，为后来人对“命”的认知提供了基础和借鉴，其所思所想在人类思想史上也占据着重要的地位，对于当代社会人在相关问题的认知和思索方面，仍然具有现实的借鉴价值和指导意义。
[Abstract]:The book "on balance" is the main work basis for studying Wang Chong's thought, and it is also an important document for interpreting the history of thought in Han Dynasty. The admirer calls it a generation of great books, a wonderful book in the world; The destroyer is regarded as deviant, illegal and unholy. The gap is so great that it is controversial. The genealogy of Wang Chong's thoughts embodied in the book is mainly divided into four aspects, namely, the theory of primordial nature, atheism, epistemology, and determinism. The part of the thought about "the theory of destiny" occupies a large proportion. In the genealogy of "on weight", the thought of "the theory of destiny" is an important part of it. It is an extension of Wang Chong's view of nature in the social and historical fields. Although in the perspective of today's thinking, this extension inevitably exists limitation, but it is an organic part of Wang Chong's thought. It is the intellectual's perception and thinking about the times under the historical environment at that time, which has rich connotation. The theory of "fate" in "balance" originates from Wang Chong's perception of his own fate. Wang Chong, as an intellectual, reflected on the circumstances of life in the social and historical environment at that time. In the face of the fickle nature of life and the helplessness of his personal fate, Wang Chong attributed the fundamental cause to "qi". The author thinks that the thickness of "Qi" determines the difference between "life" and "life". "Qi" is weak, but "life" is bad. Once "qi" is accepted, it is very difficult to change it the day after tomorrow, and "qi" comes from "heaven". Wang Chong mechanically applied his theory of nature to the field of society. He ignored the complexity of society and failed to understand the special law of development in the field of society. In view of the fact that Heng is the main source of understanding Wang Chong's thoughts, it is the premise to accurately grasp Wang Chong's life deeds and then to interpret Wang Chong's thoughts on the basis of the examination of relevant historical facts, such as the book of Wang Chong. The purpose of the brief analysis of the ideological genealogy is to link up the above and the following. "Destiny Theory" plays an important role in both the textual structure and the ideological system of Wang Chong. Wang Chong's "Destiny Theory" is composed of a series of related elements. Wang Chong's thought of "Destiny" is based on "Qi", the core is "fate", the external expression is "body", and the condition of realization is "time". Wang Chong's outlook on life and social history directly reflects his fatalism. The formation of Wang Chong's "Decision-making Theory" is not accidental, and the thesis is mainly from the social atmosphere. Wang Chong's personal experience, especially the bumpy career, has a great influence on the formation of Wang Chong's "Decision-making Theory". Wang Chong's official career is not accidental. "Destiny Theory" is the foothold of Wang Chong's thought in the realistic society, and its predicament has deep theoretical root. Wang Chong's thinking about life and human nature. With the critical spirit of reality, it reflects the social reality that produces injustice, but it is difficult to cover up the negative elements in his thought. The negative consciousness is still the biggest limitation of his thought. Wang Chong's thought of "destiny" provides the basis and reference for the later people's cognition of "fate", and his thoughts and thoughts also occupy an important position in the history of human thought. It still has practical reference value and guiding significance for contemporary people in cognition and thinking of related problems.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B234.8

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