考茨基的唯物主义历史观研究

发布时间：2018-01-14 00:03

本文关键词：考茨基的唯物主义历史观研究　出处：《复旦大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：第二国际理论家没有一个像考茨基那样,其地位以及影响力经历了如此巨大的变化,因此必须把考茨基的思想与它所经历的变化以及造成这些变化的具体条件联系起来,加以考察。本文将考茨基的思想历程划分为前马克思主义时期、马克思主义时期和非正统马克思主义时期。在前马克思主义时期,考茨基在政治思想上经历了激进捷克民族主义到模糊的社会主义的过程；在科学思想上主要受到达尔文主义的影响,并且构成考茨基的新的世界观；而马克思远没有引起考茨基的注意,他对马克思还是持淡漠的姿态,并对马克思理论采取批评和不信任态度。然而随着与伯恩施坦的交往以及向恩格斯的学习,从十九世纪八十年代开始,考茨基逐渐从浪漫的、自然科学的社会主义逐渐转变为具有恩格斯倾向的马克思主义者,并最终逐渐成为卓越的马克思主义理论家。在到一战前夕的时期内,考茨基不仅应对了来自伯恩施坦等右派的挑战,并且在政治实践等问题上也与以卢森堡为代表的左派进行了争论。最后,从1914年第一次世界大战爆发直到1938年考茨基逝世,由于考茨基在对待战争问题上的中间立场和采取了社会民主主义的立场去反对布尔什维克政权,从而使自己陷入了政治上的孤立境地,与社会民主党大多数处于对立状态,而又不能使少数派感到满意。虽然考茨基的思想发展及其地位经历了巨大的反差,但是晚年考茨基仍然用唯物主义历史观总结其一生工作,并将其看作用以思想和工作的方法。在考茨基看来,唯物主义历史观的本质就是一种科学的、有原则的历史观,即历史科学。在此基础上,把人性和人类社会作为唯物主义历史观的研究对象,指出前者是历史由之发端的前提,而对后者进行研究时,确定了以生产方式为主要因素,综合地理条件、民族特性等具体因素方法,确定了人类社会历史发展的多样性和特殊性道路。在研究人类社会时,考茨基从阶级、国家、社会革命和无产阶级运动等三个层面展开了分析论述。在阶级和国家的起源上,考茨基反对恩格斯的“朴素暴力论”的内部假说,而主张阶级和国家起源于部落之间的征服战争。至于阶级和阶级对立的消亡,考茨基指出不应该特别强调国家的消亡,而是应该更多地指向国家职能的转变,并将阶级消亡之后的新的共同体称之为工人国家。在无产阶级的社会主义运动中,考茨基没有否定暴力革命的形式,但更多地强调了民主的作用,所以非常主张以议会改革的方式和平夺取政权,实现社会主义。对于考茨基的唯物主义历史观及其政治思想,第二国际内部理论家、早期西方马克思主义者和列宁都与其展开了论争或对其进行批判。在与第二国际理论家的论争中,其主要焦点集中于资本主义民主制度的性质、政治性群众罢工的讨论、帝国主义战争以及社会主义是科学还是伦理等方面。早期西方马克思主义对以考茨基为代表的正统马克思主义者的批判集中于哲学层面,主要指责考茨基的庸俗马克思主义忽视了马克思哲学与黑格尔哲学之间的紧密关联,从而忽视辩证法在马克思主义哲学的核心地位,造成了经济决定论和实证主义。在列宁看来,这位昔日的“导师”对马克思和恩格斯学说的背叛最突出的表现在忘记暴力革命以及歪曲无产阶级专政,并且认为折衷主义、诡辩论是考茨基对待马克思主义的常见态度。最后,本文基于对考茨基唯物主义历史观基本思想的考察,在总体上评价了考茨基思想的理论贡献和局限。就理论贡献来说归结为三方面,其一,考茨基的唯物主义历史观中渗透了社会人类学批判维度；其二,考茨基对马克思主义伦理学的阐发与捍卫做出了贡献；其三,考茨基对马克思的唯物史观经典序言做了进一步的阐发,体现了考茨基探索唯物主义历史观新的发展方向的尝试和努力,在马克思主义哲学史上是值得肯定的。就局限来说,归结为两个方面,首先由于否定马克思主义与哲学的关系,在对马克思主义的理解中带有实证主义和折衷主义色彩；其次,由于没有理解马克思实践唯物主义的哲学革命,所以导致了仍停留在旧唯物主义立场,并且在历史主义和发生学的层面上理解辩证法。本文最后对考茨基作为达尔文主义、经济决定论等否定性评价,进行了尝试性的回应,以期更准确地了解考茨基思想的特色、贡献和局限,也希望为下一步深入研究提供更细微的方向。
[Abstract]:Not one of the second international theorists like Kautsky, its status and influence has experienced such a huge change, so we should combine the specific conditions, Kautsky's thought and it experienced changes as well as the cause of these changes. This paper will examine Kautsky's thinking process is divided into before Marx's period, the Romantic Period and non Marx the orthodox Marx socialistperiod. Before Marx's time, Kautsky in the political ideology of Czech experienced radical nationalism to process fuzzy socialism; influence on the scientific thought to be the main form of Darwinism, and Kautsky's new world view; and Marx is not attracted the attention of Kautsky, he is still holding the indifferent attitude for Marx, the theory of Marx and take criticism and distrust. However, with Bernstein to the To learn and to Engels, from the beginning of 1880s, Kautsky gradually from the romantic, natural science has gradually transformed into a socialist tendencies Engels Marx doctrine, and eventually become the remarkable Marx theorists. In the period to a war on the eve of Kautsky, not only in response to the Bernstein on the right and in the political challenges. Practice on the issues with Luxemburg as the representative of the left argument. Finally, from 1914 the outbreak of the first World War until the death of Kautsky in 1938, the Kautsky middle ground in dealing with the problem of war and take the social democratic position to go against the Bull J Vic regime, which lead us into isolated politically, and most of the Social Democratic Party in a state of confrontation, and cannot make the minority satisfied. Although Kautsky The thought of development and status has undergone tremendous contrast, but later Kautsky still uses historical materialism to summarize the work of life, and its effect to way of thinking and work. In Kautsky's opinion, historical materialism is the essence of a scientific view of history, principle, namely in the science of history. On the basis of the human nature and human society as the research object of historical materialism, and points out that the former is the premise of history from the beginning, and the research on the latter, to determine the mode of production as the main factor, the comprehensive method of geographical conditions, national characteristics and other specific factors, determine the historical development of human society and diversity special road. In the study of human society, Kautsky from class, country, three levels of social revolution and the proletarian movement launched is discussed. The origin of class and country, kouts Radical opposition to Engels's "simple violence theory" of the internal hypothesis, and advocated the class and the country originated in the tribal wars of conquest. As for the demise of the class and class opposition, Kautsky pointed out that should not be particularly emphasized that the country's demise, but should shift more toward state functions, and will die after the new class called community the workers' state. In the proletarian socialist movement, Kautsky did not deny the form of violent revolution, but more emphasis on the role of democracy, so it advocated parliamentary reform peacefully seize power, realizing socialism. For Kautsky's historical materialism and political thought, within the second international theorists, the early Western Marx Marxist and Lenin and launched a debate or to criticize it. In the debate with the second international theorists in the main focus Focus on the nature of capitalist democracy, discuss political mass strikes, the imperialist war and socialism is scientific or ethical aspects of early Western criticism of Marx. With Kautsky as the representative of the orthodox Marx doctrine focused on the philosophical level, the main accused Kautsky of vulgar Marx doctrine ignore the close association between the philosophy of Marx and Hagel philosophy, thus ignoring dialectics in the core of Marx's philosophy, resulting in economic determinism and positivism. In the view of Lenin, the former mentor of Marx and Engels's theory rebelled against the most prominent performance in the forgotten violent revolution and distorted the dictatorship of the proletariat, and eclecticism, sophistry is a common attitude towards Kautsky the Marx doctrine. Finally, this paper based on the historical materialism of Kautsky Study on the basic ideas, the overall assessment of Kautsky thought the theoretical contributions and limitations. The theoretical contribution attributed to three aspects, one of Kautsky's historical materialism permeated the criticism of Social Anthropology dimension; second, Kautsky contributed to Marx's ethical analysis and learn to defend; third, Kautsky Marx's historical materialism classic introduction to do further analysis, reflects Kautsky's exploration of the historical materialism of the development direction of the new attempt and effort in Marx's philosophy of history is worthy of recognition. The limitations, has two aspects, first of all because the relationship between negative Marx doctrine and philosophy, with positivism and eclecticism the color in the understanding of Marx's philosophical revolution; secondly, because no understanding of Marx's practical materialism, that leads to still stop In the old materialism, and the history and the occurrence of the level of understanding of dialectics. At the end of this paper, Kautsky as Darwinism, economic determinism and negative evaluation, attempts to make a response, in order to more accurately understand the characteristics of Kautsky's thought, contributions and limitations, and also hope to provide more subtle direction for the further research.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B03

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