马克思人的本质理论研究

发布时间：2018-02-27 14:43

本文关键词： 马克思人的本质自由自觉的活动社会关系的总和实践自由全面的发展　出处：《天津商业大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“人的本质是什么？”这个问题吸引了古今中外无数哲人的追问和探究。在马克思之前，先哲们分别从不同的角度对人的本质问题进行了概括，但最终都没有作出科学的阐释。马克思在对以往哲学家的研究成果进行继承和批判、尤其是在对黑格尔和费尔巴哈的理论成果进行合理扬弃的基础上，运用实践的逻辑思维方式来剖析人的本质理论问题。纵观马克思的思想发展历程，对人的本质问题的思考一直贯穿其中，可以说，对马克思人的本质的解读是研究马克思思想理论的逻辑起点。马克思关于人的本质的阐述，集中体现在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》、《德意志意识形态》及《共产党宣言》这四篇著作中。从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《共产党宣言》是马克思人的本质思想从提出到形成、从不成熟到成熟的过程，也是马克思揭示人的本质问题从价值本质层面到事实本质层面最终走向价值本质和事实本质统一的过程。本文通过对四篇著作中马克思人的本质思想的梳理，阐述了这一阶段马克思人的本质思想的主要内容，本文将从以下几个方面进行论述。第一部分：主要阐述了马克思人的本质思想的理论渊源，其中对马克思人的本质思想影响最大的是黑格尔和费尔巴哈的理论观点，马克思在对黑格尔的“绝对精神”是人的本质和费尔巴哈的自然人本观进行扬弃的基础上提出了自己的人的本质思想。第二部分：在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中，马克思关注到资本主义社会中工人的残酷处境，提出了异化劳动理论，并指出人在劳动过程中应该是感到幸福而非不幸，劳动这种生命活动应该是一种手段而非目的，从而提出自由的有意识的活动是人的类本质，马克思从人与动物在生命活动中的区别来谈论人的本质问题，认为人是有意识的存在物，然而这些观点的提出并没有将对人的本质的追问落实到社会关系和生产实践中。第三部分：在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中，马克思指出费尔巴哈以直观的形式理解人的本质，并把宗教的本质归结于“人”，这样就必然导致费尔巴哈抽象的、静止的人本观，马克思运用实践的观点，从人与人之间形成的社会关系中来考察人的本质，并在在这篇著作中，提出了关于人的本质的经典论述。第四部分：在《德意志意识形态》中，马克思是在生产力发展水平和生产关系基础之上来阐释人的本质问题，其中马克思集中论述了人的本质是个人在从事物质生产过程中结成的社会关系和政治关系，此时马克思关注的“人”是从事物质生产活动的现实的人，“现实的人”的提出标志着马克思人的本质思想走向成熟，他指出，决定人的本质的是个人在从事实践活动中进行生产的物质条件。第五部分：在《共产党宣言》中，马克思通过对资本主义制度和资产阶级的批判，建构了消灭私有制的理想的共产主义社会，并指出只有在共产主义社会中才能实现人与人之间关系的和谐，提出了人的本质实际上是人的自由全面的发展，只有实现每个人的全面发展才能使“人”成为真正的人。本文通过对四篇著作中马克思人的本质思想内容的介绍，阐述了马克思人的本质思想逐步成熟和完善的过程，但是期间对人的本质的诠释并不矛盾，也无正误之说，，而是从认为人应该是有意识的类存在物，到提出人实际上是社会关系的总和，最终指出人的价值本质和事实本质是在共产主义社会中实现了人的自由全面的发展才走向统一的过程，在“人”越来越受到重视的今天，研究马克思人的本质理论对于我们更好的认识人、发展人，理解和把握马克思主义的人学理论具有重要的意义。
[Abstract]:"What is human nature?" this issue has attracted countless philosophers at all times and in all countries inquiry and research. Before Marx, the sages summarized respectively the essence of people from different angles, but ultimately did not make a scientific explanation. Marx on the results of previous studies of inheritance and critique of philosophy, especially is the basis of reasonable sublation in theory of Hagel and Feuerbach on the practice of logical thinking to analyze the theory of the essence of human. Marx throughout the course of the thoughts of human nature, the problem of thinking has been through them, it can be said that the interpretation of the essence of Marx's people is the logical starting point of Marx the theory of Marx on human nature exposition, embodied in the <1844 manuscript of economics and philosophy in 1844 >, < < > Outline of Feuerbach, German Ideology In the four writings of "state >" and "Communist Manifesto".
From the <1844 economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 > to the "Communist Manifesto" is the essence of Marx's thinking of forming from the forward to, from immature to mature process, Marx also reveal human nature from the essence of value level to the level to the value of the essence of reality and the fact that the quality of the reunification process. Through the essence of the four in the works of Marx's analysis, elaborated the main content of ideological essence of this stage of Marx, this paper will be discussed from the following aspects.
The first part mainly expounds the theoretical origin of Marx's human essence thought, which is the essence of the idea of Marx the greatest impact is the theory of Hagel and Feuerbach, Marx in Hagel's "absolute spirit" is the essence of man and nature in Feuerbach's humanistic view of sublation is proposed on the basis of their own people the nature of thought.
The second part: <1844 years in manuscript of economics and philosophy ", Marx paid attention to the cruel situation workers in capitalist society, put forward the theory of alienated labor, and points out that the people in the process of labor should be happy rather than this misfortune, labor life activities should be a means rather than purpose, so as to put forward free and conscious the activity is the essence of human being, the nature of the problem to talk about people's Marx from human and animal activities in life is different, that man is a conscious being, however, these views are not the essence of the implementation of the questioning of social relations and production practice.
The third part: in the "outline of Feuerbach", Marx Feuerbach pointed out to the nature of intuitive understanding of the human form, and the religious essence in "people", it will inevitably lead to Feuerbach abstract, static humanism, Marx practice point of view, from the formation of human beings the relationship of human nature, and in this work, put forward on the essence of the classic discussion.
The fourth part: in the "German Ideology", Marx is the essence of the problem in the development level of productive forces and production relations based on the interpretation of people, Marx concentrates on the human nature is the individuals engaged in the process of material production in the form of social relations and political relations, Marx paid attention to the "people" is now engaged in material production the reality of the people, "real people" marks Marx's human essence thought to mature, he pointed out that the nature of human being is individuals engaged in the practice of the physical conditions of production.
The fifth part: in the "Communist Manifesto", Marx criticized the capitalism and the bourgeoisie, the construction of the elimination of private ownership communism, and points out that only can realize the harmonious relationship between people in the Communist society, the human nature is actually free and all-round development of people only, realize the overall development of each person to make "people" become a real person.
Based on the four works in Marx's human nature thought content, expounds the essence of Marx's thinking is gradually mature and perfect, but the essence of the interpretation is not contradictory, no right or wrong, but from that people should have the consciousness of existence, put forward to actually is the sum of social relations, finally pointed out that the essence of value and fact of human essence is the process in the Communist society to achieve comprehensive development of human freedom is towards unity in the "people", more and more attention today, the essence of Marx's theory of people for a better understanding of our people, the development of people, has an important the significance of understanding and grasp of Marx's human theory.

【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B038

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