戴震孟学四书研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 23:13

本文选题：清代学术　切入点：戴震　出处：《扬州大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：戴震孟学著作主要有《原善》三卷、《孟子私淑录》、《绪言》和《孟子字义疏证》(下文简称戴震孟学四书)。戴震孟学四书在思想内容上,前后既有继承,又有发展。特别是对程朱理学态度的转变,反映戴震对程朱理学由怀疑到批驳的心路发展历程。近年来,学界对戴震孟学四书多有关注,但大部分学者主要以《孟子字义疏证》为研究重点,对其余三部著作一般只是简论其共性,较少梳理相互间承继与发展的关系;主要阐释戴震对程朱理学的批判,很少揭示戴震对程朱理学由怀疑到批驳的嬗变过程。本文以戴震孟学四书为研究对象,拟取理气论、人性论和理欲观三个核心问题,进行对比分析,探究戴震思想的发展变化过程。戴震坚持理气一元论,将中国古代哲学中最重要的概念“道”解释为物质性的阴阳二气不断地变化运动,气为道的本体,或曰“气化即道”。戴震认为“理即条理、分理”,理只是源于客观事物的具体规律,持气化为物的自然观。戴震视阴阳二气为本原,将理规定为存在于具体事物中、并表现为各种事物的客观规律,即“就事求理”,否定理学家的理本论观点。“气化即道”、“理即条理、分理”、“就事求理”体现的是戴震对程朱“理先气后”、“理主宰气”思想的彻底颠覆。从戴震孟学四书的发展脉络来看,戴震在《原善》中初步显示“气化即道”的唯物自然观,并提出了理即“条理”。在之后的孟学三书中,首先是强化“气化即道”的气本论思想;其次对“理”作为客观规律的含义进行了丰富和扩充,并在《孟子字义疏证》中明确提出“理”为“分理”的理论;同时揭示宋儒理气二元论的本质,并对“理先气后”的学说进行批驳。戴震坚持性一元论,认为人性本质上是本于物质性的血气心知,认为人性“分于阴阳五行”,正因为有所分才有所别,故曰“性以类别”。戴震强调才是性的外在表现,提出“性不同呈乎才”,实则是对程朱“才禀于气,气有清浊”的理气二分和性二元论的直接否定。戴震坚持“心”对客观事物具有认识作用,认为人性本善的原因就在于人的认知能力,是对血气心知之性中“心知”的拓展——“知即善”。就人性论而言,戴震自《原善》起对人性论中的几个核心概念已经有了较为成熟的认识,无论是人性“分于阴阳五行”、“心知”的认识作用,还是“性不同呈乎才”,戴震在《原善》中都己经予以了认真地分析,但对程朱理学人性论的态度不明朗。在之后的孟学三书中,戴震所做的工作:一是不断深化自己的学术思想,特别是“血气心知”理论更加系统;二是内容的不断丰富和完善,充分论述了“心知”的重要性,增加了对“才”的相关论述;三是采取分章论述,对文章内容进行分类提炼整合;四是对宋儒性二元论思想产生的根源予以揭示,并竭力批驳其性二元论。戴震通过对《中庸》“率性之谓道”的阐发,表达人欲根于人性的思想,批判宋儒的天理人欲之说;在肯定欲望合理性的前提下,强调对欲望限制的必要性。戴震受《大学》“}\矩之道”的启发,提出“以情}\情”学说,将人的情感与人际交往紧密联系起来。另外,戴震将社会道德规范的理与人类社会活动紧密关联,并通过引入自然与必然这对辩证统一的概念来论述理欲的辩证统一,提出“是理者存乎欲者也”的“理欲统一”观点,揭示宋儒“存理灭欲”学说的本质。戴震理欲观有一个不断深化的过程:《原善》明确了欲源于性的观点;之后的孟学三书中,戴震一方面不断强调根于性之欲的合理性,同时明确理欲统一思想,指出人道之理是源于对各类人伦日用的井然有序,否定了程朱将理和欲绝对对立的学说,对宋儒存理灭欲之说予以全力批驳。通过对戴震孟学四书的梳理和对比分析,可以清晰感知戴震的人性论、理气论、理欲观都不是一气呵成的,而是经历了一个否定之否定、不断深刻和完善的过程,旨在揭示戴震对程朱理学由纠结、怀疑发展到彻底否定和全力批驳的心路发展历程。
[Abstract]:Dai Zhen Meng writings are the original good < > three < > volume, Mencius study book, < 1 > and < > Mencius mzzysz (hereinafter referred to as Dai Zhen Meng four). Dai Zhen Meng four in the ideological content, and both inheritance and development. Especially the transformation of science attitude to Cheng Zhu the science of Cheng Zhu reflected Dai Zhen refuted the development process by doubt. In recent years, scholars of the Dai Zhen School of Mencius has paid particular attention to four, but most scholars mainly in the < Mencius mzzysz > is the focus of the study, the remaining three works only on the similarities between the bearing less comb with the development of the relationship; mainly explains the science of Dai Zhen's critique of Cheng Zhu, Dai Zhen of Cheng Zhu reveals little science from suspicion to criticize evolution process. The paper takes Dai Zhen Meng four as the research object, intends to take Qi theory, the theory of human nature and the view of reason and desire three core issues, comparative analysis, study of Dai Zhen The change and development of the thought process. Dai Zhen insists on the concept of "Qi monism, the most important China in ancient philosophy in" explanation for the Yin and Yang of the two material is constantly changing as the body movement, gas, or "gasification is Tao". Dai Zhen thinks that "science is organized, divided into" specific rule only from the view of nature of objective things, to gasification objects. Dai Zhen regarded as the origin of yin and yang two, will be provided for in the specific things, and the performance for the objective law of all things, which is seeking truth ", not by theorem based on the principle of" point of view. That is, gas road "" science is organized, management "," seeking truth is "Dai Zhen Cheng Zhu" is the embodiment of the first gas "," dominate the subversion of Qi theory. The development from Dai Zhen Meng four, Dai Zhen in "the original good > showed" gasification that way "natural materialism view and extract The reason is "structured". After the Mencius 3, the first is to strengthen the "gasification that way" gas in thought; secondly, "reason" as the objective law of the meaning of the enriched and expanded, and in "Mencius mzzysz" clearly put forward the "science" to "management at the same time" theory; reveal the essence of Song Qi dualism, and the "first gas" theory was refuted. Dai Zhen to monism, that human nature is essentially the heart blood in material knowledge that human nature "in the Yin Yang and the five elements", because the difference is not so. Yue "to category". That is the external manifestation of Dai Zhen, put forward "a different light", but in reality is the Cheng Zhu "intrinsic in the gas, gas has a direct negative voicing" Qi two and dualism. Dai Zhen adhere to the "heart" has effect on the understanding of objective things, that human nature good The reason is that people's cognitive ability, is to know the nature of heart blood in "heart" - "known good" development. The theory of human nature, self's original good for < > several core concepts in the theory of human nature has a more mature understanding of the human nature, whether it is "in the Yin Yang and the five elements", "understanding the function of mind", or "a different light", Dai Zhen in "original good > has to be carefully analyzed, but the science of Cheng Zhu's theory of human nature attitude is not clear. After Mencius three, his work: one is to deepen their academic thoughts, especially the" Daizhen "theory system; two is the content being enriched and perfected, and fully discussed the importance of" mind ", added to the" only "theory; three is to take the following chapters, the contents of the classification of refining integration; the four is the song of The root of dualism to be revealed, and tried to refute its dualism. Based on the < > Dai "straightforward call analysis", the expression of human desire rooted in human thought, criticism of Confucianism of the Song Dynasty that nature and human desires; in certainly the desire of the premise of rationality, emphasizes the necessity of a desire to limit inspired by his university. < > "} moment way", "put forward by love} emotion" theory, human emotion is closely linked with interpersonal communication. In addition, he consider social ethics and human social activities are closely related, and through introducing the natural and inevitable the dialectical concept to discuss the dialectical unity of reason and desire, "is those Cunhu he also" "the unity of reason and desire" point of view, reveals the song "desires extinguishing theory of nature. His view of reason and desire is a deepening process: < > to clear the original good from the point of view the; After Mencius 3, his hand continuously emphasize the rationality of root in sexual desire, while a clear desire to unify thinking, points out that humanitarian reason is due to all kinds of human daily in order, and to deny Cheng Zhu the absolute opposition to the Confucian doctrine, desires extinguishing said to be refuted. By carding and comparative analysis of the four books of the Dai Zhen Meng, can clear perception of Dai Zhen's theory of human nature, Qi theory, view of reason and desire are not coherent, but experienced a process of negation of negation, the profound and perfect, in order to reveal the science of Cheng Zhu by Dai Zhen suspected to completely negate the tangle, and to criticize the development process.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B249.6

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