雅斯贝尔斯自由观探究

发布时间：2018-04-09 19:19

本文选题：生存　切入点：自由　出处：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：雅斯贝尔斯是著名的存在主义哲学家，存在主义的奠基人。他的全部哲学理论，都是基于对深陷于战乱与现代科技文明之中的人，以及对人们所遭遇的精神危机与生存困境的密切关注和深刻反思。“自由”被他视为理论中最核心的概念而贯穿于哲学思想的始终，可以说，其全部哲学体系都是对自由的阐释。无论是最初对存在与生存内涵的论述，还是对罪责、交往、信仰与真理本质的探究，乃至最终对超越存在的追问等，实际上，都是在不同层面与角度上对自由意义的揭示。因而，对雅斯贝尔斯“自由观”的把握，将有助于更全面而深刻的理解其存在主义哲学思想。雅斯贝尔斯哲学的独到之处就在于，其将“自由”理念置于人之现实存在的核心，从而揭示出存在的意义与价值：人之现实存在的意义在于生存，而生存的本质与价值则在于自由；生命历程因自由才能得以完整展现与升华。他的自由观既是其以纯哲学语言发出的，“注重人之生存，呼唤人之自由”的呐喊；亦是对人们心灵深处之渴望自由、追求自由的集中反映与真实写照。本文主要分为四个部分：第一部分简要阐述了雅斯贝尔斯自由观形成的主要理论渊源，包括康德的理性自由观、尼采的意志自由论、克尔凯郭尔的存在自由论，以及海德格尔的基础存在论，其对雅斯贝尔斯自由观的影响，以及雅斯贝尔斯对上述理论的继承与发展。第二部分论述了雅斯贝尔斯的自由观是生存的自由观。通过对生存概念的基本内涵，及其与自由概念的密切关系的分析，揭示出“自由即生存的本质，生存即自由”这一核心思想。论文的第三部分着重分析了其自由观的重要内涵，主要是从自由与超越者、自由与罪责、自由与交往，以及自由与信仰四个方面作以系统的分析与阐述。第四部分客观评价和反思了雅斯贝尔斯自由观的理论贡献、哲学影响与思想倾向。其理论的贡献之处在于对人之生存意义的揭示与时代精神危机的反思，并对萨特的自由观与弗洛姆的精神分析观产生了重要的理论影响。但由于其理论中对个体自身的过度重视，及其所采用的非理性的思维方式，使得其自由思想中亦不可避免的带有一定的悲观主义倾向。当今的人类社会面临着许多比以往更为严峻的生存问题，，对此国内外众多哲学家给予了广泛的关注和反思。雅斯贝尔斯的自由观正是对人之生存意义与价值的独特阐释，他对自由的理解正可为当代社会提供一个值得借鉴与参考的新视角。本文旨在通过对雅斯贝尔斯自由理论的分析，使人们更加深入而全面的理解其理论的本质内涵，从而以一种更为新颖、独特的视角重新审视自由的内涵，反思自我生存意义的本质，更好的从事社会实践活动，以期为化解人类生存危机寻求一条行之有效的解决途径。
[Abstract]:Jaspers is a famous existentialist philosopher and founder of existentialism.All his philosophical theories are based on the close attention and deep reflection on the people caught in the wars and the modern science and technology civilization, as well as on the spiritual crisis and survival predicament that people encounter."Freedom" is regarded by him as the most important concept in the theory and runs through the philosophical thought all the time. It can be said that the whole philosophical system of "Freedom" is the interpretation of freedom.Whether it is the initial exposition of the connotation of existence and existence, the exploration of the nature of guilt, communication, belief and truth, and even the ultimate questioning of transcendental existence, in fact, it reveals the meaning of freedom on different levels and angles.Therefore, the grasp of Jaspers' concept of freedom will contribute to a more comprehensive and profound understanding of his philosophy of existentialism.The originality of Jaspers' philosophy lies in that it puts the concept of "freedom" at the core of human existence, thus revealing the meaning and value of existence: the meaning of human existence lies in existence.The essence and value of existence lie in freedom.His view of freedom is not only his cry of "pay attention to man's existence and call for man's freedom" in pure philosophical language, but also the concentrated reflection and true portrayal of people's deep desire for freedom and the pursuit of freedom.This paper is divided into four parts: the first part briefly describes the main theoretical sources of the formation of Jaspers' concept of freedom, including Kant's view of rational freedom, Nietzsche's theory of freedom of will, Kierkegaard's theory of freedom of existence.As well as Heidegger's theory of basic existence, its influence on the theory of liberty of Jaspers, and the inheritance and development of the theory.The second part discusses that Jaspers' view of freedom is the view of survival.Through the analysis of the basic connotation of the concept of existence and its close relationship with the concept of freedom, this paper reveals the core thought of "freedom is the essence of existence, survival is freedom".The third part focuses on the analysis of the important connotation of the concept of freedom, mainly from the freedom and transcendence, freedom and responsibility, freedom and communication, and freedom and faith to make a systematic analysis and elaboration.The fourth part objectively evaluates and reflects on the theoretical contribution, philosophical influence and ideological tendency of Jaspers' concept of freedom.The contribution of his theory lies in the revelation of the meaning of human existence and the introspection of the crisis of the times, and the important theoretical influence on Sartre's view of freedom and Fromm's view of psychoanalysis.However, due to the excessive emphasis on the individual itself and the irrational mode of thinking adopted in his theory, it is inevitable to have a certain tendency of pessimism in his free thought.Today's human society is faced with many more serious problems of survival than ever before. Many philosophers at home and abroad have given extensive attention and reflection.Jaspers' view of freedom is a unique interpretation of the meaning and value of man's existence, and his understanding of freedom can provide a new perspective worthy of reference and reference for contemporary society.Through the analysis of Jaspers' freedom theory, this paper aims to make people understand the essence of his theory more deeply and comprehensively, so as to re-examine the connotation of freedom from a more novel and unique perspective.Rethinking the essence of the meaning of self-existence and engaging in social practice better, in order to find an effective way to resolve the crisis of human existence.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B516.53

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