从拜物教批判看《资本论》的存在论

发布时间：2018-06-08 03:14

  本文选题：资本论》 + 拜物教　； 参考：《吉林大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：长期以来,对《资本论》纯粹经济学视角的解读占据主导地位。对《资本论》进行纯粹经济学研究,不仅会使《资本论》面临过时论的挑战,还会使马克思主义哲学对人类存在和人类解放的关切成为脱离人类鲜活的经济现实的理论教条。因此,当今学界倡导研究《资本论》的存在论的声音愈加洪亮,然而在这些研究中,拜物教批判的重要性一直没有得到重视。拜物教的存在和人类追求确定性的本性结合在一起,又表征着人类的现实存在,因此有十分重要的存在论意蕴,而马克思关于商品、货币、资本拜物教的批判也应置于拜物教史中进行思考。商品、货币、资本拜物教作为《资本论》所凸显出的“总体性的存在论事实”,其秘密中隐含着全部人类存在和人类历史发展的秘密。基于以上原因,本文就立意于此,从拜物教批判的视角开显《资本论》的存在论意蕴。通过梳理文本内容将拜物教批判的理论缘起和其完整线索呈现出来,是从拜物教批判研究《资本论》之存在论的理论基础。马克思从始至终关注的都是人类存在和人类解放的问题,他对这一问题的关注和许多哲学家一样,在于对能够确认人类本质的普遍性、确定性因素的探索。马克思的寻求首先从宗教批判开始,经历了政治异化的批判、经济异化的批判、最终从劳动异化的批判走向拜物教批判。他在拜物教批判中揭示出能够确证人类自身的普遍性力量就在于人的劳动及其所创造的社会关系,而商品拜物教所表征的就是资本主义社会中社会关系的物象化和物化性质。马克思的拜物教批判是以商品拜物教、货币拜物教和资本拜物教三者的层递关系一步步展开的。对于商品拜物教来讲,马克思以其基点式的存在揭开了它所表征的资本主义社会的颠倒性。由于货币拜物教在现实生活中的明显表现,深度挖掘货币拜物教的社会历史根源及其货币自身属性所产生的魔术作用是重中之重。最后,在资本主义生产方式下,资本占统治地位,也由于其统治地位,它的拜物教性质是“着了魔”的发展的。马克思分析商品拜物教、货币拜物教和资本拜物教,一方面是呈现商品、货币、资本隐藏在物之下的生产关系性质,另一方面是要更深层地揭示出拜物教所表征的“个人受抽象统治”的现代人生存状态。从拜物教批判看《资本论》的存在论,就是要在揭开商品、货币、资本拜物教秘密的同时展现出现实的人的存在。拜物教的秘密在于商品、货币、资本以特定的自然物质存在为载体负载着资本主义社会的经济关系和生产关系。而隐藏着资本主义拜物教秘密的,从商品到资本的二重性来源于人类劳动的二重性。从商品的二重性进入到劳动的二重性,是穿透了商品的感性经验的物象抵达了人类存在的本质层面,因为劳动的二重性深刻地彰显人的存在的二重性。“人类劳动的社会性质”为何以及如何呈现为物,人的社会关系又为什么必然以物的形式表现出来?这从根本上说是主体与客体的关系问题,这就涉及实践和对象性存在方式。在资本的关系中,实践和对象性存在方式就落实为雇佣劳动和物象化(Versachlichung)。随着“近代纯粹理性处置自然物的方式在社会领域的进一步贯彻”1,社会层面的初步颠倒——物象化(Versachlichung)就被进一步颠倒了,物化(Verdinglichung)便发生了。拜物教在客体维度上是物象化与物化的合一,在主观维度上还包括人们在意识层面将这二者的颠倒当作自然而然的合理的东西接受下来。现代社会中的人在物象化和物化双重层面上受到“教化”,这是完全意义上的拜物教对人所形成的“教化”,也是《资本论》所呈现出的人的现实存在状况。从拜物教批判看《资本论》的存在论,还要从拜物教最集中的体现,即资本逻辑的二重性诉说人类自由与解放的现实途径。资本逻辑破解了历史之谜,因而必须在存在论的层面上予以理解,存在论层面上的资本逻辑是一个兼具物的规律性和人的目的性在内的双重逻辑。资本逻辑的结构层次分明地显现为内在根据、外在现象和历史运动三个环节。构成资本主义拜物教现象之根据的是资本逻辑的本体,即蕴含着资本的矛盾本性和内在限制的资本运动规律;直接呈现在我们面前的是资本逻辑运动所展现的现象存在,即“资本的文明”;最后,资本逻辑在历史的行进和时代的转换中与时俱进,在当今社会以金融资本逻辑再现。资本逻辑结构的每个层次都指向资本的自我扬弃和内在超越,资本逻辑的内在结构展现了一个哲学意义上的人类解放视域。从资本逻辑的二重性出发探索资本逻辑本身的矛盾与瓦解,这是瓦解资本拜物教的物质形态路径。除此1刘森林.物、物化、物象化:马克思物论的新认识[J].高校理论战线,2012(7):14-20.之外,马克思还从工人挣脱拜物教观念的实践机制探讨拜物教意识的消解。而这二者中,又尤以前者更为重要,在分析中,我们将看到二重性的分析依然是贯穿始终的。从拜物教批判看《资本论》的存在论,最后还要从拜物教批判的角度探讨《资本论》之存在论的当代回响,那便是直面卢卡奇、鲍德里亚、齐泽克所提出的拜物教的新形态,并分析其中所内蕴的人类存在状态之变迁。
[Abstract]:For a long time, the interpretation of the view of "Das Kapital > pure economics" occupies a dominant position. The study of the pure economics of "Das Kapital" will not only make the "Das Kapital" face the challenge of outdated theory, but also make Marx's philosophy of human existence and human liberation become the theoretical dogma of the economic reality which is divorced from human life. The voice of the existentialism of the study of "capital >" is becoming more and more loud, but in these studies the importance of the critique of fetishism has never been paid attention to. The existence of fetishism is combined with the nature of human pursuit of certainty, and is characterized by the existence of human beings, so there is a very important ontological implication, and Marx The criticism of commodity, money and capital fetishism should also be placed in the history of fetishism. Commodity, currency, and capital fetishism as "the general existence theory" highlighted by "capital", the secret contains all the secret of human existence and the development of human history. Based on the above reasons, this article is based on the fetishism. The perspective of teaching criticism shows the existentialism of "capital". By combing the text content, the theoretical origin and its complete clue of the critique of fetishism are presented. It is the theoretical basis of the existentialism of "Das Kapital" from the critique of fetishism. All from the beginning to the end, Marx is concerned with the problem of human existence and human liberation. The attention of many philosophers, like many philosophers, lies in the exploration of the universality and determinacy of human nature. Marx's quest begins with the criticism of the political alienation, the criticism of the alienation of the economy, the criticism of the alienation of labor and the criticism of the worship of the worship of things. The universal power of human itself lies in human labor and the social relations created, and the commodity fetishism characterizes the physical and materialized nature of social relations in the capitalist society. Marx's critique of fetishism is a step by step relationship between the three parties of commodity fetishism, money fetishism and capital fetishism. For commodity fetishism, Marx unveiled the Invertiability of the capitalist society characterized by the existence of its base point. Because of the obvious performance of the money fetishism in real life, the deep excavation of the social and historical roots of the money fetishism and the magic of its own property is the most important thing. Under the capitalist mode of production, capital occupies the dominant position, and because of its dominant position, its fetishism is the development of "demons". Marx analyses commodity fetishism, money fetishism and capital fetishism. On the one hand, it presents the nature of production relations under goods, money and capital, on the other hand, and on the other hand it is deeper. From the critique of fetishism, the existentialism of "capital" is to uncover the existence of real people while uncovering goods, money, and capital fetishism. The secret of fetishism is in commodity, money, and capital in a specific natural substance. In order to carry the economic relations and production relations of the capitalist society for the carrier, the secret of capitalist fetishism is hidden, the duality of the commodity to the capital is derived from the duality of human labor. The duality of the goods from the duality of the goods to the duality of labor is the essence of the human existence through the perceptual experience of the goods. Because of the duality of the duality of labor, the duality of the existence of human being clearly shows the duality of the human being. Why and how the human labor's social nature is presented as a matter, why does the social relationship of man manifest itself in the form of things? This is fundamentally the question of the relationship between the subject and the object, which involves the practice and the way of the object. In the relationship of capital, the practice and the way of object existence are implemented as employment and Versachlichung. With the further implementation of the "modern pure rational way of dealing with natural objects in the social field" 1, the initial upside of the social level (Versachlichung) is further reversed and materialized (Verdinglichung). On the object dimension, fetishism is the combination of materialization and materialization, and the subjective dimension also includes the acceptance of the reversal of the two in the consciousness level as a natural and rational thing. In modern society, people are "civilized" on the dual level of materialization and materialization, which is a complete fetishism. From the critique of fetishism, the existentialism of the theory of capital, from the critique of fetishism, is also the embodiment of the most concentrated expression of the fetishism, that is, the dual nature of capital logic that tells the realistic way of human freedom and liberation. Capital logic has solved the mystery of history and therefore must be in existence. It is understood at the level that the capital logic at the level of existentialism is a dual logic of both the regularity and the purpose of human beings. The structural level of the capital logic is clearly manifested as the internal basis, the external phenomenon and the historical movement three links. The basis of the capitalist fetishism is the noumenon of capital logic. The law of capital movement with the contradictory nature of capital and the inherent limitation of capital; in front of us, the phenomenon exists in the capital logic movement, that is, "the civilization of capital"; finally, the capital logic is advancing with the times in the history and the transformation of the times. In today's society, the logic of capital is reproduced by the logic of capital. Each level points to the self abandonment and internal transcendence of capital, and the inner structure of capital logic shows a philosophical sense of human liberation. From the duality of capital logic, the contradiction and disintegration of capital logic itself is explored. This is the material form path of disintegrating capital fetishism. In addition to the 1 Liu forest, material, materialization, and physical image The new understanding of Marx's theory of things [J]. University theoretical front, 2012 (7): 14-20., Marx also explores the disintegration of fetishism from the practical mechanism of the workers' idea of fetishism. And in these two, the former is more important. In the analysis, we will see that the analysis of duality is still throughout. From the critique of fetishism The existentialism of "Das Kapital" will finally discuss the contemporary reverberation of the existentialism of "capital >" from the perspective of the critique of fetishism, which is a new form of fetishism put forward by Lukacs, Baudrillard and kisek, and analyzes the changes in the state of human existence.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B0-0
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本文编号：1994171