先秦儒家勇德研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 12:52

本文选题：儒家 + 孔子　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：在中国传统文化中，，“勇”与“仁”、“知”并列为儒家“三达德”，是儒家思想体系的重要观念之一，寄托了儒家的人格理想。作为一种高尚的道德品质和精神境界，“勇”代表着坚毅不拔、勇往直前、矢志不渝追求至善的精神力量。儒家创始人孔子虽然没有对“勇”的内涵做出明确的界定，但他提出的“知耻近乎勇”、“知耻而后勇”、“勇而无礼则乱”以及“见义不为，无勇也”等思想，使得“勇”成为与“仁”、“义”、“礼”、“知”等儒家核心思想紧密相联的德性品质，并以此作为实现“仁”这一人格理想的重要途径。这样先秦儒家学者就在追求道德完善的道路上建立起完整而缜密的人格学说，并期望以“知、仁、勇”统一理想人格的完善来达到“君子”境界，实现社会的安定和谐。因而，儒家之勇并非单纯的、普通意义上的刚毅坚强和勇敢大胆，而是有着丰富的内涵和伦理意蕴。目前学术界对儒家“仁”、“义”、“礼”、“知”等道德范畴给予了较多关注，相对而言，对“勇”的研究较为鲜见，且停留在对其总体阐述的层面上。即便是对“勇”作过研究的学者，也多是从伦理学或心理学的角度来界定，局限于对儒家之“勇”的精神内涵进行阐述。而对“勇”这一重要道德范畴都未进行系统论述。故此，本文不揣浅陋，试对先秦儒家勇德思想作一粗浅论述，以刍荛之见求教于学界同仁。论文在广泛收集资料和继承前人研究成果的基础上，从思想史的角度对先秦儒家勇德思想进行较为系统的研究。全文共分六章：第一章，简要论述“勇”字的演变过程及其内涵，并追溯勇德思想的渊源，探寻勇德不断发展、完善的历程。第二章，着重探讨了孔子对勇德思想的建构，初步形成了以“仁”为基础，以“义”为指导，以“礼”为规范，以“知”为支撑的勇德思想。第三章，主要论述了孔门弟子的勇德观，以颜回、子路、子夏为例，从三个不同角度对儒家勇德思想进行了生动的展示。第四、五章，分别探讨战国时期儒家学者孟子、荀子对孔子勇德思想的发展和完善。第六章，对勇德思想的价值作了简要评析。总而言之，儒家之“勇”构成了儒家思想最强大的内在动力，体现了一种以善的追求为内容的精神趋向，对理想人格的塑造及中华民族精神的养成，产生了极其深远的影响。
[Abstract]:In Chinese traditional culture, "bravery", "benevolence" and "know" are considered as "three virtues" of Confucianism, which is one of the important concepts of Confucian thought system, and assigns the Confucian ideal of personality. As a kind of noble moral quality and spiritual realm, "Yong" represents the spiritual strength of perseverance, courage and unswerving pursuit of the best. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, did not clearly define the connotation of "courage", but he put forward his ideas of "knowing shame is near courage", "knowing shame and then being brave", "being brave and rude is chaos" and "seeing righteousness and not doing what is right, without courage" and so on. It makes "Yong" become the moral character closely related to the core thoughts of "benevolence", "righteousness", "propriety", "knowledge" and so on, and it is regarded as an important way to realize the personality ideal of "benevolence". In this way, the Confucian scholars in the pre-Qin Dynasty set up a complete and meticulous theory of personality on the way of pursuing moral perfection, and hoped that the ideal personality of "knowing, benevolence and courage" would be unified to achieve the realm of "gentleman" and realize the stability and harmony of the society. Therefore, the courage of Confucianism is not simple, the common sense of fortitude and courage and boldness, but with rich connotations and ethical implications. At present, the academic circles pay more attention to the moral categories such as "benevolence", "righteousness", "propriety", "knowledge" and so on. Even scholars who have done research on "Yong" are mostly defined from the angle of ethics or psychology, and are limited to expounding the spiritual connotation of "Yong" of Confucianism. However, there is no systematic discussion on the important moral category of "Yong". Therefore, this paper tries to make a brief discussion on the thought of courage and virtue in pre-Qin Confucianists, and to seek advice from my colleagues in the academic circles in the view of Wikstroemia. Based on the extensive collection of data and the inheritance of previous research achievements, the thesis systematically studies the thought of valor and virtue of pre-Qin Confucianism from the perspective of the history of thought. The thesis is divided into six chapters: the first chapter briefly discusses the evolvement process and connotation of the word "Yong", and traces the origin of the thought of "Yong de", and explores the course of the constant development and perfection of the word "Yong". The second chapter focuses on the construction of Confucius' thought of courage and morality, which is based on "benevolence", guided by "righteousness", standardized by "propriety" and supported by "knowledge". In the third chapter, the author mainly discusses the brave and moral view of Confucius disciples. Taking Yan Hui, Zi Lu and Zi Xia as examples, the Confucian thought of Yong and morality is displayed vividly from three different angles. The fourth and fifth chapters discuss the development and perfection of Confucian scholars Mencius and Xunzi in warring States period. The sixth chapter makes a brief evaluation on the value of Yong-de thought. In a word, the "courage" of the Confucianists constitutes the most powerful internal motive force of the Confucian thought, which embodies a spiritual trend which takes the pursuit of goodness as the content and has a profound influence on the shaping of the ideal personality and the cultivation of the spirit of the Chinese nation.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B222

【参考文献】