孔子礼教思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 18:17

本文选题：孔子 + 礼教思想　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分,孔子的礼教思想有着充实的内容和丰富的内涵,对其进行科学的梳理和深入的研究,有着极其深刻的现实意义。本文详细论述了孔子礼教思想产生的渊源和孔子礼教思想的主要内容及特点、社会功用及时代局限,分析了孔子礼教思想的研究意义,并紧密结合当前我国积极推进社会主义法治建设、文化强国建设和构建社会主义和谐社会的实际,来探讨它所呈现的当代价值。从礼的起源来看,它最早起源于原始社会的巫术,当时的人们十分迷信,生活的各个方面都与巫术紧密相连,人们在进行祭神仪式时,必须要有音乐舞蹈的配合,所以就出现了最早期的礼和乐。随着人类社会的发展,在进入阶级社会后,为了满足社会公共事务的需求,作为社会规范的“礼乐”制度,经过逐步演化、完善、发展和改造,其神秘色彩逐步减弱,政治、伦理色彩逐渐浓厚,其内容不断地完善,从而渐渐形成了比较完备而规范的“礼”。礼作为人类文明的一个标志,礼就是一种秩序和情感。从操作层面看,礼包含了礼物、礼仪、礼义三个要素,从意识形态看,礼是理性化的、缘饰化的,它属于一种秩序。周公旦在继承和革新夏、商两朝礼制的基础上,制礼作乐,将社会生活的各个方面,比如祭祀、丧葬、饮食、起居等等,都纳入“礼”的范畴,从而创建出了一整套丰富、完备且极具可操作性的礼乐制度,这种礼乐制度潜移默化地约束、影响、规范着人们的行为,就形成了周代的礼制。周礼内容丰富而完整,包罗万象,它在保留事神礼仪的同时,还进一步扩展了礼仪的事项和丰富了礼仪的内容,使礼节仪项涵盖当时社会的政治关系、等级秩序、道德伦理、思想感情等等方面,它是维护宗法等级制度以及血缘宗法关系的精神原则和言行规范。“礼崩乐坏”是孔子礼教思想产生的时代背景,它是在“因周礼而有所损益”的基础上继承、革新和发展而形成的。孔子把“周礼”从“神治”的思想中解脱出来,突破周礼限制,主张“礼”的平民化,德治于民,并提出了“仁”“礼”结合的思想,进一步明确了“礼”的价值内涵。其思想内涵主要表现“克己复礼”、“正名”、“礼教”即“理教”等方面,“知行并重”、“内外兼修”、“以仁为本”、“复古”与“维新”是其主要特征,人外在行为上的礼仪规范、“礼治”的管理理念、“礼之用,和为贵”的思想是孔子礼教思想的重要内容。孔子礼教思想的应用主要表现在以礼修身、以礼治国、以礼贵和三个方面。孔子礼教思想具有广泛的社会功用和个人功用,它是个人修身立命的首要条件,具有调节人际关系的功能,更是治国安民的首要准则,它能约束人的行为,陶冶人的情操,升华人的思想。在中国古代,受当时社会经济、政治体制及生产方式的约束,为了维护封建阶级统治的需要,后世在对孔子的礼教思想继承和发扬的过程中,让孔子的礼教思想不可避免地出现了一定的时代局限性、保守性、繁缛性和虚伪性,主要表现在“刑不上大夫,礼不下庶人”、“三纲五常”、“三从四德”等等方面,这些礼教思想的局限性,在中国历史上造成了无数的血泪悲剧,严重束缚了人们的思想行为,成为了社会进步的巨大障碍。孔子礼教思想是人修身立命之道,是君子之道,是为政之要,其礼与人的自然情感和内在道德自觉密切相关,是规定社会行为的法则和规范,对于当下的社会,具有重要的当代价值和极为深远的现实意义。主要表现在,它有助于增强当下国民的规则意识,加强社会主义文化强国建设,推进社会主义法治建设,促进社会主义和谐社会建设等方面。“礼”是孔子礼教思想体系的核心,是规则意识的重要基础。孔子提出“不学礼,无以立”,称自己“七十而从心所欲,不逾矩”,真正达到了遵循规则乃至习以为常的自觉境界。在此基础上,孟子进一步强调了规则意识的重要性,提出了“无规矩,不成方圆”。这些思想对于当前增强国民规则意识具有重要的作用。通过对孔子礼教思想和现代礼仪文化进行研究,我们可以发现,儒家的礼教思想对现代礼仪文化产生了非常重要的影响,诸如对人们言行举止、社交礼仪以及节日习俗等等,这些礼仪规范世世代代地影响着中国人,并已经成为了中国人的一种独特的内在气质,礼仪文化也成为了当下我国加强社会主义文化强国建设的一项重要内容。孔子主张“礼治”,他认为礼的主要功能在于规范和教化,而法则是重点在于违礼之后的惩戒,两者相辅相成。当前,中国要推进社会主义法治建设,实现民主法治、安定有序的治国方针,还需要“礼法并举”,让礼治与法治相辅相成。孔子提出“礼之用,和为贵”、“君子和而不同”、“己所不欲,勿施于人”以及“天人合一”等等思想,讲到了人与人、人与自然和谐相处之道,这些思想对当下构建社会主义和谐社会具有积极的指导意义。孔子作为中国古代杰出的思想家、教育家、伦理学家,他的“礼教”思想,实际上是一部道德理论的法典,是集上古文化之大成,他总结了往昔的伦理道德学说及相关理论,内容丰富,体系完善,特点鲜明,在个人生活和国家治理中都具有极为重要的作用和意义。深刻认识孔子的礼教思想,对于宏远中华传统文化,促进中国素质教育发展,构建“法治”和“礼治”双重社会秩序,规范适应时代需要的社会伦理道德规范体系,促进中国传统文化走向世界有着极为重要的意义。
[Abstract]:As an important part of Chinese traditional culture, Confucius's etiquette thought has a full content and rich connotation. It has a profound and practical significance to carry out a scientific combing and in-depth study of it. This article expounds the origin of Confucius's etiquette and the main contents and characteristics of Confucius's etiquette and the social function. And the limitations of the times, this paper analyzes the significance of the study of Confucius's etiquette, and closely combines with the reality of the construction of the socialist rule of law, the construction of a cultural power and the construction of a socialist harmonious society, to explore the contemporary value that it presents. From the origin of rites, it originated from the witchcraft of the primitive society, and the people of that time were at the time. It is very superstitious that all aspects of life are closely connected with witchcraft. People must cooperate with music and dance in the ceremony of offering sacrifices to the gods, so the earliest rites and music appeared. With the development of human society, after entering the class society, in order to meet the needs of social public affairs, the system of "rite and music" as a social norm, After the gradual evolution, perfection, development and transformation, its mysterious color gradually weakened, political and ethical color was gradually strong, its content was constantly perfected, and gradually formed a relatively complete and standardized "rite". As a symbol of human civilization, rite is a rank order and emotion. From the operational level, gift bags contain gifts, etiquette, rites. Three elements of righteousness, from the ideology of ideology, ritual is rationalized, and it belongs to a kind of order. Zhou Gongdan, on the basis of the inheritance and innovation of summer, on the basis of the ritual system of two dynasties, made rites and music, and all aspects of social life, such as sacrificial sacrifices, burial, diet and living, etc., were all included in the category of "Rites", thus creating a complete set of riches. The etiquette and music system, which is prepared and highly operable, is imperceptibly restrained, influenced, and standardizes people's behavior, and forms the rite system of Zhou Dai. The contents of the Zhou ceremony are rich and complete and all inclusive. While preserving the etiquette of the gods, it further expands the items of the ritual and enriches the content of etiquette, so that etiquette culverts culvert. The social political relations, rank order, moral ethics, thoughts and feelings, etc., are the spiritual principles and the norms of the relationship between the patriarchal hierarchy and the consanguinity and patriarchal relations. "Rite and music" is the background of the generation of Confucius's thought of etiquette, which is inherited, reformed and issued on the basis of the profit and loss of the Zhou Dynasty. The exhibition was formed. Confucius liberated the "Zhou Li" from the thought of "the rule of God", broke through the restriction of the Zhou Li, advocated the commonage of the "Rites", the rule of virtue and the people, and put forward the thought of "benevolence" and "Rites", and further clarified the value connotation of "rite". In the aspects of "theory and education", "both knowledge and practice", "both internal and external", "benevolence", "regu" and "Wei Xin" are its main features, the etiquette norms of the external behavior, the management idea of "ritual treatment", the idea of "rite use and harmony" are the important contents of Confucius's etiquette thought. The main table of the application of Confucius's etiquette ideology At present, it is the first condition that Confucius's moral education has extensive social function and personal function. It is the primary condition for personal repair and life, and it has the function of regulating the interpersonal relationship, and it is the first criterion to govern the country and the people. It can restrain the behavior of the people, cultivate the sentiment of the people, and sublimate the thought of the people in China. In ancient times, under the constraints of social economy, political system and mode of production at that time, in order to maintain the needs of feudal class rule, later generations in the process of inheriting and developing Confucius's etiquette and teaching thought, Confucius's etiquette thought inevitably appeared certain time limitations, conservatism, red tape and hypocrisy, mainly manifested in "not to be punished". The limitations of "three programs and five virtues", "three programs and five virtues", "three programs and five virtues" and so on, have caused numerous blood and tears tragedies in Chinese history, seriously hampered people's ideological and behavioral behavior, and became a huge obstacle to social progress. Kong Zili's teaching thought is the way of man's life and life, the way of gentleman, and the politics of politics. It is closely related to the natural emotion and inner moral consciousness of the people. It is the rule and standard for the regulation of social behavior. It has important contemporary value and profound realistic significance for the present society. It is mainly manifested in strengthening the awareness of the rule of the present people, strengthening the construction of the socialist cultural power and promoting the society. The construction of the rule of law and the construction of a socialist harmonious society. "Rite" is the core of the ideological system of Confucius's rites and an important basis for the consciousness of rules. Confucius proposed that "do not learn the rites and not stand up", and called themselves "seventy and do not exceed the moment", and truly achieved the conscious state that follows the rules and is accustomed to it. On the basis of this, Mencius further emphasized the importance of the sense of rule and put forward "no rules and no Cheng Fangyuan". These ideas have an important role in strengthening the consciousness of the national rule. Through the study of Confucius's etiquette and modern etiquette culture, we can find that the Confucian ethics of etiquette has produced a non - modern etiquette culture. The often important influence, such as people's behavior, social etiquette and festival customs, etc., these etiquette norms affect the Chinese people for generations and have become a unique internal temperament of the Chinese people. The etiquette culture has also become an important part of the construction of our country to strengthen the cultural power of the society. Confucius He believes that the main function of ritual lies in standardization and enlightenment, and the law is the key to the punishment after the violation, and the two complement each other. At present, China should promote the construction of the socialist rule of law, realize the democratic rule of law, the stable and orderly policy of governing the country, and the "ceremony and law", so that the rule of rites and the rule of law complement each other. Confucius proposed that " Confucius, an outstanding thinker and educator in ancient China, has a positive guiding meaning to the present construction of a socialist harmonious society. Ethicists, his "etiquette" thought, in fact, is a code of moral theory, is a collection of ancient culture, he summed up the old ethics and related theories, rich in content, perfect system, distinctive features, in personal life and national governance have a very important role and significance. A profound understanding of the rites of Confucius. Teaching thought is of great importance to the Chinese traditional culture, the development of Chinese quality education, the construction of the dual social order of "rule of law" and "rule of Rites", and the standard of social ethics and morality to meet the needs of the times, and the promotion of Chinese traditional culture to the world.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B222

【参考文献】