儒家家庭教育思想研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 21:19

本文选题：儒家家庭教育 + 发展历程　；参考：《兰州大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：儒家作为传统中国最具影响力的学术文化派别,把修身齐家作为人生轨迹的基始性工作,特别强调个人、家庭、社会、国家的整体关联。儒家自创始以来就尤为重视家庭血缘亲情,重视对涉及家庭伦理道德等一系列家庭问题的思考,形成了众多理论特质明显、思想脉络清晰的家庭教育理性认识。本研究以儒家家庭教育思想的历史演进为线索,从构成理论研究最主要的理论基础、价值诉求、教育内容、教育方法等入手,运用多学科的研究视角,注重史论结合,以展现儒家家庭教育思想的优秀理念。儒家学说诞生于先秦,儒家家庭教育思想也在这一时期得以萌生。“五经四书”奠定了儒家家庭教育的基本格局。孔子已经自觉地开展了家庭教育,并对家庭教育发表了诸多的见解。汉代,儒家学说受到空前的重视。魏晋南北朝时期社会动荡,儒家学说影响力下降,但由儒家倡导的封建家庭理念在社会范围内产生了重要影响,诞生了我国第一部系统完整的家庭教育专著——《颜氏家训》。唐宋时期的家庭教育在内容和形式上都得以丰富和发展,《帝范》的出现展示了帝王之家家庭教育的系统全面。从宋代开始,文人士大夫的家庭教育实践和理论思考异彩纷呈,思想家还有意建构系统完善的家庭教育理论。明清时期是家庭教育的繁盛时期,该时期保存下来的家教文本远超历史上的其它阶段,且家教文本在体例上多有创新。晚清以来,儒家家庭教育在教育内容、教育方式、教育理念等方面都发生了变化,传统的儒家家庭教育开始解体,朝着近代新式家庭教育转型。天人关系在儒家思想体系中起着塑造世界观、人生观、价值观的重要作用,儒家认为人生境界、轨迹的最高行事准则就是天道,人道是对天道的遵循和践行。儒家认为人的德性是人具有的天性(天赋)。在儒家那里,天有“神圣之天”、“德性之天”、“自然之天”的分别,因而人具有不同的天性。儒家“天人合德”的理念认为人只有完善自我,才能最终成就天所赋予人的宝贵德性。儒家认为人之施教和受教都要遵从人性,家庭教育之所以必需且紧要,就在于教育本身能促进家庭成员个性的完善。儒家家庭教育首重“明人伦”,即使家人、子弟形成相亲相爱的人伦道德理念。儒家家庭教育在“亲亲”之外,还重视“尊尊”,要求家庭成员养成尊重家庭以外人员的道德意识。儒家注意到家庭成员间的亲爱有可能发展成为溺爱,故强调“知爱与知教”的结合,不能置应有的教育和引导责任于不顾。儒家家风思想主要包括三个方面,分别为:以循礼守制为核心的家风,以累世美德为核心的家风,以传世之学为核心的家风。儒家认为正己才能正家,只有家庭施教主体修养得法,才能培育出良好的家风。儒家尤其重视女性(特别是主妇)在家风培育过程中的作用。儒家尤其重视家庭在社会中的基础地位,注重发挥家庭教育在化民导俗方面的能动作用,认为只有家庭教育和社会教化两相促进,才能营造出良风美俗。“正家之道”是儒家关于和顺家庭关系的教育。儒家在父子关系上倡导“父慈子孝”,即父辈要关爱教育晚辈,晚辈则要孝敬长辈;兄弟之间要做到“兄友弟恭”,即同辈之间要相亲相爱,相互协助和睦相处;夫妻间要做到“夫义妻贤”,即夫妻双方在婚姻缔结及存续期间应该相互关爱、相互尊重,共建美好家庭;儒家强调“长幼有序”,倡导代际之间要尊长爱幼。儒家提倡的家庭美德主要有勤俭、礼让、仁爱、谦虚、忠孝、敦学、和睦等。儒家家庭教育提倡的“家国情怀”包含四方面:首先是“齐家”,一是“修身以齐家”,二是“治生以齐家”,三是“制用以齐家”。其次是“亲宗族”,一方面,儒家提倡要“周济族人”,即宗族间要扶危救困患难相恤;另一方面,要“教导族众”,加强对族人的规戒引导和教育。儒家家庭教育提倡“睦乡邻”,做到“与邻为善”、“礼待乡曲”、“里仁为美”。最后是“爱国家”,教育家庭成员要热爱国家、关心国家的前途命运、不惜牺牲自我以维护国家统一。家训是家庭教育过程中对施教者的一系列训诲、示教的总结。这种教育方式促进了儒家思想的社会化。家规教育把家庭教育的有关内容,用硬性规定表达出来,要求家庭成员普遍遵守。家礼教育就是通过系统全面的礼仪教育使家庭伦理道德具体化为家庭成员的行为素养。私塾也是传统中国家庭教育的主要方式之一。儒家家庭教育把人际交往看成是完善自我的重要方式,所谓“以友辅仁”说的就是这种理念。儒家家庭教育也提倡游学,主张积极参与社会实践。儒家家庭教育还注重选择合理的教育方法,因材施教、循序渐进、宽严相济、榜样示范、说理教育、启发诱导、内省自觉等都是儒家最为普遍的家庭教育方法,这些方法是儒家家庭教育实践智慧的结晶。借鉴儒家家庭教育思想,现代家庭教育要注重道德涵养,要注重方法得当,要围绕社会主义核心价值观培育文明家风。
[Abstract]:As the most influential academic and cultural factions in traditional China, the Confucianists take the family as the basic work of life, especially emphasizing the overall relationship between the individual, the family, the society and the state. Since the founding of the Confucianists, the Confucianists have attached great importance to the family relationship, and have attached great importance to a series of family problems related to the ethics and morality of the family. This study takes the historical evolution of the Confucian family education thought as a clue, starting with the most important theoretical basis of the study of the theory, the demand of value, the content of education, the method of education, and the combination of the theory of history, and the combination of historical theories, in order to show the Confucian family. The excellent idea of education thought. The Confucian theory was born Yu Xianqin, the Confucian family education thought was born in this period. "The five classics and four books" laid the basic pattern of the Confucian family education. Confucius has carried out the family education consciously, and published many opinions on the family education. The Confucian theory has been paid unprecedented attention in the Han Dynasty. The social unrest in the period of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties reduced the influence of Confucianism, but the concept of the feudal family advocated by the Confucianists had an important influence on the social scope. The first systematic and complete family education monograph was born in China - "Yan's family training >." the family education in the Tang and Song Dynasties was enriched and developed in both content and form, < emperor fan '. The emergence showed the systematic and comprehensive system of family education of the emperor's family. From the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the family education practice and theoretical thinking of the literati and doctors were very colorful. The thinkers were interested in constructing a systematic and perfect family education theory. The period of the Ming and Qing Dynasty was the flourishing period of family education, and the family education texts preserved in this period were far beyond the history. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the Confucian family education has changed in the aspects of educational content, educational mode and educational concept. The traditional Confucian family education began to disintegrate and transformed into the modern new family education. The relationship between heaven and man has created the world outlook, the outlook on life, and the price in the Confucian ideology. The Confucianists believe that the highest principle of life, the highest criterion of the path of life is the principle of heaven, the humanitarianism is the following and practice of the heaven. The Confucian thought that human virtue is human nature (talent). In the Confucian, the heaven has the "holy day", "the day of virtue", "the natural day", and therefore the human has different nature. The Confucian concept of "harmony between man and man" holds that only a man can perfect himself can he ultimately achieve the precious virtues given to the man. Even family, the children form the moral concept of loving each other. In addition to the "relatives", the Confucian family education pays attention to the "respect" and the family members to form the moral consciousness of respecting the people outside the family. The thought of education and guidance should be ignored. The Confucian family style mainly includes three aspects, which are the family style based on the ritual system, the family style with the core of the virtues as the core, the family style centered on the learning of the world. The Confucianists pay special attention to the role of women (especially the housewife) in the cultivation of family style. The Confucianists attach great importance to the basic status of family in the society and pay attention to the dynamic role of family education in the customs of the people. It is thought that only family education and social education can promote the beauty of the wind only. The education of Yu Heshun family relations. Confucianism advocates "father and son filial piety" in the relationship between father and son, that is, the parents should care for the older generation, and the older generation should respect their elders; the brothers should be "brother and friend", that is to say, they should love each other and assist each other in harmony; the husband and wife should be "husband and wife", that is, the husband and wife are married in marriage. And during the period of existence, we should love each other, respect each other, and build a better family. The Confucian emphasis on "long and orderly", advocating intergenerational and loving children. The family virtues advocated by Confucianism are mainly thrifty, courtesy, benevolence, modesty, loyalty and filial piety, learning and harmony. The "home state" advocated by Confucian family education includes four aspects: first, "the Qi family" On the other hand, the Confucian advocates "the family of the family". On the one hand, the Confucian advocates "the people of Zhou Ji", that is to say, "the people of Zhou Ji", that is to say, "the people of the clan" should be saved by the clan. On the other hand, we should "teach the people" and strengthen the guidance and education of the ethnic groups. The Confucian family education advocates "the family education." "Good neighbours", "good with the neighbour", "rite to local music", "Li Ren is beautiful". Finally, it is "love the country", the education family members should love the country, care for the future and destiny of the country, at the expense of self in order to maintain the national unity. Family training is a series of instruction to the educator in the process of family education, the summary of the teaching method. It promotes the socialization of Confucian thought. Family discipline education expresses the related contents of family education with hard provisions and requires family members to abide by it generally. Family ethics education is to make family ethics be specific to the behavior accomplishment of family members through systematic and comprehensive etiquette education. Private school is also the main way of traditional Chinese family education. The Confucian family education regards interpersonal communication as an important way to improve the self. The so-called "with friends and kernel" is the idea. The Confucian family education also advocates learning and actively participating in social practice. The Confucian family education also pays attention to the choice of reasonable educational methods. Reasoning education, inspiring guidance and introspection consciousness are all the most common methods of family education in Confucianism. These methods are the crystallization of the practical wisdom of the Confucian family education.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B222

【参考文献】