试论柏拉图理想人格思想

发布时间：2018-06-22 07:44

本文选题：柏拉图 + 理想人格　；参考：《江苏师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：柏拉图是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一,受希腊人文主义、苏格拉底思想影响,加之人生阅历等因素,他在批判继承希腊神话、荷马史诗以及古希腊先贤圣哲道德哲学的基础上,形成了自己鲜明而深刻的理想人格思想。柏拉图理想人格思想的特征是对凡人意见世界的超越,其内涵包括智慧、勇敢、节制以及正义在内的四大美德。柏拉图理想人格思想旨在通过灵魂的净化与升华,在人力所能及的范围内超凡脱俗、“变得像神”,从而成为知行合一、真善一体的圣哲。此外,“灵魂”是贯穿柏拉图理想人格思想的一个核心概念。在柏拉图看来,人的灵魂原本是属神的,正义、不朽、完善,与“宇宙灵魂”同构,但却因失去羽翼而坠入尘世,依着于凡俗的肉体以至于成为可朽的、不完善的。因此,实现理想人格的关键在于应从根本上改变灵魂的状态,恢复它的本性(自然),亦即通过对“善的相”的认识从而回复到与“宇宙灵魂”同一的境界。这一“灵魂转向”的过程也就是理想人格的塑造过程,而塑造的途径是依靠正确的教育。柏拉图认为真正的教育包括四艺教育和哲学教育两个阶段,两者的宗旨都并非以实用为目的,而是为了促成灵魂的转向或完善,使人最终转变成“美且年轻”的苏格拉底式的圣哲。其中,哲学教育作为理想人格塑造的“主曲”,犹如一场精神的“朝圣之旅”,是一种能够改善灵魂状况的神圣的迷狂,一旦心智(努斯)凭借爱欲辩证法的力量“突然看到”了“善的相”(存在),先天受损的灵魂便能痊愈,进入到一种由“厄洛斯”主导的真正生命形式之中,从而孕育出真实的美德和真正的知识,产生出受神所宠爱的状态,达到理想人格的境界。毫无疑问,柏拉图通过构建“神为善因”、“神赐心智”、“灵魂不朽”等学说,积极倡导“人向神生成”的道德哲学观念,以激励人们以神为样板,努力育养非凡德性,最终成为经世济民的完人。这种理想人格思想,对启迪当代人摆脱道德伦理困境,尤其是摆脱道德哲学领域内由于相对主义盛行所导致的否定一切价值的虚无主义,无疑有着积极的借鉴价值。
[Abstract]:Plato is one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture. Influenced by Greek humanism, Socrates' thought and life experience, he is criticizing and inheriting Greek mythology. On the basis of Homer epic and the moral philosophy of ancient Greek sages and sages, he formed his own distinct and profound ideal personality thought. Plato's ideal personality is characterized by the transcendence of the world of human opinion, which includes four virtues: wisdom, bravery, temperance and justice. Plato's ideal personality thought aims to become "like God" through the purification and sublimation of the soul, and to become a sage of the unity of knowledge and action and the integration of true and good. In addition, soul is a core concept running through Plato's ideal personality. In Plato's view, the human soul originally belongs to God, justice, immortality, perfection, and the "universe soul" structure, but because of the loss of wings and fall into the world, according to the common body to become decadent, imperfect. Therefore, the key to realize the ideal personality is to fundamentally change the state of the soul and restore its nature (nature), that is, to return to the same realm as the "cosmic soul" through the understanding of the "good". The process of "soul turning" is the process of shaping ideal personality, and the way of shaping is to rely on correct education. Plato holds that true education consists of four stages of art education and philosophy education, the purpose of which is not for practical purposes, but for the purpose of making the soul turn or perfect. To turn man into a Socrates sage of beauty and youth. Among them, philosophical education, as the "main song" of shaping the ideal personality, is like a spiritual "pilgrimage", and it is a kind of holy fanatic who can improve the condition of the soul. Once the mind (Nus) "suddenly sees" the "good" (being) with the power of the dialectic of love, the inborn damaged soul recovers into a true form of life dominated by Eros. It gives birth to true virtue and real knowledge, produces the state of being favored by God, and achieves the state of ideal personality. There is no doubt that Plato actively advocated the moral philosophy of "man to God" by constructing such theories as "God is the cause of good", "God gives the mind", "immortal soul" and so on, in order to encourage people to take God as a model and strive to nurture extraordinary virtue. Finally, he became a perfect man to help the people. This ideal personality thought undoubtedly has the positive reference value to enlighten the contemporary people to get rid of the moral ethics predicament, especially to get rid of the nihilism which negates all values caused by the prevailing relativism in the field of moral philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：江苏师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B502.232

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