齐泽克“生命政治”思想研究

发布时间：2018-08-13 14:45

【摘要】：当代政治哲学话语叙述之中的生命政治,由福柯于20世纪70年代重新启用,并被阿甘本、奈格里、埃斯波西托等人进一步所发展。福柯的生命政治聚焦于对生命如何治理的探讨,阿甘本的生命政治关注于对生命死亡的研究,奈格里的生命政治则致力于对生命权力抵抗的讨论,而埃斯波西托的生命政治主要集中于对生命免疫管理的分析。他们的生命政治始终将“生命”视为“对象”,因此被人们称为“治理主义生命政治”。然而,当生命政治沦为生命治理的一种技艺或工具之时,其“治理主义生命政治”就面临着一种正义性认同的诘难。这促使人们致力于对它的逆向反思,建构一种能够对“生命”进行积极性诠释的生命政治。新马克思主义先锋齐泽克,在对“治理主义生命政治”批判反思的基础上,坚持马克思主义将“人”主体化的立场,并对“生命政治”做了积极的诠释。齐泽克从生命“对象化”的现实遭遇出发,试图使“生命”不再遭受治理,而是走向自由解放;不再沦为工具,而是上升成为目的。齐泽克的生命政治以“后9 · 11时代”生命诉求的问题为导向,紧紧抓住人们普遍关心的生命安全、生命福利、生命自由等话题,以生命解放为问题意识,赋予生命政治新的内涵:生命政治是指对人类生命的安全、福利及自由等的管理,且以这种管理为其第一要义。齐泽克生命政治所要解决的核心问题是生命解放。所谓“生命解放”是指将“现实的人”从“自我奴役”、“暴力”、“排除”、“控制”等束缚之中解救出来,以促进其自由发展。“生命解放”有两大任务:“内在解放”和“外在解放”。生命从“自我奴役”之中的解放属于“内在解放”,它有赖于生命政治“主体”的回归。生命从“暴力”、“排除”及“控制”等之中的解放属于“外在解放”,它意味着生命安全、生命福利及生命自由等的实现。本论文深入齐泽克“生命政治”的相关文本,以“生命解放”为核心,从“内在解放”和“外在解放”两个维度出发,系统梳理并深入探讨其“生命解放”的基本思想。全文除导论、结语外共设五章。导论部分简要地介绍了本文研究的背景,并对“生命政治”的内涵及其问题意识演进作简要分析,阐明齐泽克的生命政治在实质上是一种有关生命解放的生命政治,进而为整个研究奠定基础。第一章是对“内在解放”的探讨。该部分主要任务是对齐泽克推动“内在解放”的原因及方法进行分析。齐泽克以拉康精神分析理论为视角,着重围绕生命政治的“主体”为何要回归、怎样回归等追问,完成对“内在解放”的探讨。生命政治的“去主体化”导致了主体的“去实体化”、传统认同的破坏、主体的幻象化,造成了主体的“空无”及“对象化”。对生命政治“去主体化”的反思要求“主体”的回归。生命政治的“再主体化”是“主体”回归的方法,它通过主体的“再认同”、幻象的穿越、生命“过度”的构造,促成了“主体”的再生产,并最终推动了“内在解放”的实现。第二、三、四章是对生命“外在解放”的详细论述。这三章主要探讨齐泽克为何以及如何将生命从“暴力”、“排除”、“控制”等外在束缚之中解救出来。其中,第二章主要解决生命安全的问题。齐泽克从“暴力”出发,通过对“恐怖主义暴力”与“反恐战争暴力”的批判分析,利用“改变坐标”的行动来消除“暴力”,力图将生命从“暴力”之中解救出来,以促进生命安全的实现。第三章主要解决生命福利的问题。齐泽克以“排除”为视角,通过对“物质福利性排除”和“制度福利性排除”的反思批判,利用“共产主义预设”来克服“排除”,希冀将生命从“排除”之中解救出来,以推动生命福利的管理。第四章主要解决生命自由的问题。齐泽克从“控制”的视域出发,通过对“数字化控制”、“意识形态控制”及“体制管制”的批判,主张利用数字化的“社会化”、意识形态的“暴力干预”、“改革社会”等方法来解除以上“控制”,期望将生命从“控制”中释放出来,以促进生命自由的实现。第五章主要讨论生命政治的生活实践问题。这一部分主要探讨了齐泽克是如何将生命解放的伟大事业付诸于生活实践的。齐泽克围绕生命政治生活实践的实质、当前的“行动”、现实意义等三个方面的分析,完成了对生命解放生活实践的探讨。他阐明了生命政治生活实践的实质是促进生命解放的“增量式”实现,而当前人们需要付诸的“行动”是“秩序”生产,超越“宽容”,强化“生命意识”,其现实意义是促进生命的“觉醒”。结语部分从马克思主义出场学的视角出发,着重探讨齐泽克生命政治思想的出场意义及局限,并对“后齐泽克生命政治”的理论发展作出展望。齐泽克生命政治实现了对当代三种生命政治理论的批判,促进了生命政治的积极化转向,推动了生命政治治理范式的嬗变,但是它的出场依然存在着生理视角欠缺、生命科技挑战、话语建构暴力等不足。因此,“后齐泽克生命政治”应从生命权力、生命健康、生命平等、生命自由等维度出发,需围绕当代生命诉求的回答,以进一步推动生命解放的探讨及实践。
[Abstract]:The life politics narrated in the discourse of contemporary political philosophy was restarted by Foucault in the 1970s and further developed by Agamben, Negri, Esposito and others. Foucault's life politics focused on how to govern life, Agamben's life politics focused on the study of life and death, Negri's life politics. Principles of governance are devoted to the discussion of resistance to the power of life, while Esposito's life politics mainly focuses on the analysis of life immune management. Their life politics always regards "life" as "object" and therefore is called "governance life politics". However, when life politics becomes a skill or workmanship of life governance. In the meantime, his "life politics of governance" is confronted with a kind of criticism of justice identity, which makes people devote themselves to reverse reflection and construct a life politics that can positively interpret "life". Zizek insists on the Marxist standpoint of subjectivism of "human" and makes a positive interpretation of "life politics". Starting from the realistic experience of "objectivism of life", Zizek tries to make "life" no longer be governed, but liberated freely; instead of being reduced to a tool, he rises to an end. Life politics is the management of human life security, welfare and freedom, which is the primary meaning of life politics. Zek's life politics is to solve the core problem of life liberation. The so-called "life liberation" refers to the "real people" from "self-servitude", "violence", "exclusion", "control" and other constraints to free their development. "Life liberation" has two major tasks: "internal liberation" and "external liberation". The liberation of life from "self-servitude" belongs to "internal liberation", which depends on the return of "subject" of life politics. The liberation of life from "violence", "exclusion" and "control" belongs to "external liberation", which means the realization of life security, life welfare and life freedom. The related texts of "life politics" take "life liberation" as the core, proceed from "internal liberation" and "external liberation" two dimensions, systematically comb and thoroughly discuss the basic thought of "life liberation". This paper makes a brief analysis of the connotation and the evolution of his problem consciousness, and expounds that Zizek's life politics is essentially a kind of life politics concerning the liberation of life, thus laying a foundation for the whole study. The first chapter is the discussion of "internal liberation". The main task of this part is to carry out the reasons and methods of Zizek's promotion of "internal liberation". From the perspective of Lacan's psychoanalysis theory, Zizek focuses on the inquiry of why and how the "subject" of life politics should be returned and completes the discussion of "internal liberation". Emptiness and objectification. Reflection on the "de-subjectification" of life politics calls for the return of "subject". The "re-subjectification" of life politics is the method of the return of "subject". It promotes the reproduction of "subject" through the "re-identification" of the subject, the passage of illusions, and the "excessive" construction of life, and ultimately promotes the "inside". The second, third and fourth chapters are the detailed expositions of the "external liberation" of life. These three chapters mainly discuss why and how Zizek saved life from the external constraints of "violence", "exclusion" and "control". Among them, the second chapter mainly deals with the problem of life security. Through the critical analysis of "terrorism violence" and "anti-terrorism war violence", this paper tries to eliminate "violence" by means of "changing coordinates" action, and tries to save life from "violence" in order to promote the realization of life security. Chapter 3 mainly solves the problem of life welfare. Zizek takes "exclusion" as the perspective, through the analysis of "exclusion". Reflective criticism of "material welfare exclusion" and "institutional welfare exclusion", using "communist presupposition" to overcome "exclusion" and hope to save life from "exclusion" in order to promote the management of life and welfare. Chapter 4 mainly solves the problem of freedom of life. Zizek from the "control" perspective, through the "control" perspective. Criticism of "digital control", "ideological control" and "institutional control" advocates the use of digital "socialization", ideological "violent intervention" and "social reform" to remove the above "control" and hope to release life from "control" in order to promote the realization of freedom of life. This part mainly discusses how Zizek put the great cause of life liberation into practice. Zizek has completed the discussion of life liberation practice by analyzing the essence of life political life practice, current "action" and practical significance. This paper expounds that the essence of life political life practice is to promote the "incremental" realization of life liberation, and that the "action" people need to put into practice at present is "order" production, transcending "tolerance" and strengthening "life consciousness". Its practical significance is to promote the "awakening" of life. This paper focuses on the significance and limitations of Zizek's life politics, and looks forward to the theoretical development of "post-Zizek life politics". Zizek's life politics has criticized three contemporary life politics theories, promoted the positive turn of life politics, and promoted the evolution of life political governance paradigm, but its appearance There are still some shortcomings in the field, such as the lack of physiological perspective, the challenge of life science and technology, and the violence of discourse construction.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B565.59

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