心灵与魂魄——古希腊哲学与中国先秦观念的形而上学共性
发布时间：2018-08-21 08:45
【摘要】：以"心"观念为主轴,先秦存在一个以"精"、"神"、"气"、"魂"、"魄"等相互关联的观念所形成的"观念丛"。由先秦至汉初思想界以精气论魂魄的主流观点可见,此观念丛有如下的结构:心可以理解为魂魄,而魂魄可以离开人的形体存在,并分属两个不同的层次——前者与儒家的最高观念天或道家的最高观念道有关,与阳气、精神以及人所具备的高级智能有关;后者与地和人的具体身体有关,与人的感官经验和运动能力等有关,处于相对较低的层次。处于前一较高层次者,究其本质并非人自身所本有,而是宇宙中某种高于人的精气之类驻留于人身之后的结果;处于后一较低层次者,古人论之较含糊,大约便是人作为生命体所具备的一些生物能力的驱动力与原因。对比亚里士多德对于古希腊观念psuché的阐述,可以发现在古希腊思想中存在一个完全类似的观念结构,实际上psuché恰好相当于中国所谓"心"。中希之间这种思想上的相似性,显示了人类在面对人与世界的关系时,所具有的超越文化类型的一般观点,即某种高于人的普遍的精神性因素优先地决定着人自身的精神现象。这为不同类型的"形而上学"具有共性提供了最终的支持与依据。
[Abstract]:With the concept of "heart" as the main axis, there was a "cluster of ideas" formed by the interrelated concepts of "essence", "God", "qi", "soul", "soul" and so on. From the pre-Qin to the early Han Dynasty, it can be seen in the mainstream view of the soul that the soul can be understood as the soul and the soul can leave the body of the human being, which has the following structure: the mind can be understood as the soul, and the soul can leave the physical existence of the human being. And they belong to two different levels-the former has something to do with the highest idea of Confucianism, heaven or Taoism, with yang, spirit, and advanced intelligence; the latter is related to the earth and the human body. Related to human sensory experience and motor ability, at a relatively low level. The nature of those at the first higher level is not what man himself is, but the result of the presence of a certain superior spirit in the universe after the person; at the lower level, the ancients argue that it is more vague, It is about the driving force and cause of some biological abilities that man possesses as a living body. Comparing Aristotle's elaboration of the ancient Greek concept psuch 茅, we can find that there is a completely similar idea structure in ancient Greek thought, in fact, psuch 茅 is exactly equivalent to the so-called "heart" of China. This similarity of thought between China and Greece shows that when facing the relationship between human beings and the world, human beings have a general view of transcending cultural types, that is, some universal spiritual factors above human beings preferentially determine the spiritual phenomena of human beings. This provides the ultimate support and basis for different types of metaphysics.
【作者单位】： 中国社会科学院哲学研究所;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目“早期道家精神体验和心灵世界之研究”(14BZX118) 2016年齐鲁优秀传统文化传承创新工程重点项目“孔孟儒学历史传承与转化创新研究”的阶段性成果
【分类号】：B22;B502
，
本文编号：2195181
[Abstract]:With the concept of "heart" as the main axis, there was a "cluster of ideas" formed by the interrelated concepts of "essence", "God", "qi", "soul", "soul" and so on. From the pre-Qin to the early Han Dynasty, it can be seen in the mainstream view of the soul that the soul can be understood as the soul and the soul can leave the body of the human being, which has the following structure: the mind can be understood as the soul, and the soul can leave the physical existence of the human being. And they belong to two different levels-the former has something to do with the highest idea of Confucianism, heaven or Taoism, with yang, spirit, and advanced intelligence; the latter is related to the earth and the human body. Related to human sensory experience and motor ability, at a relatively low level. The nature of those at the first higher level is not what man himself is, but the result of the presence of a certain superior spirit in the universe after the person; at the lower level, the ancients argue that it is more vague, It is about the driving force and cause of some biological abilities that man possesses as a living body. Comparing Aristotle's elaboration of the ancient Greek concept psuch 茅, we can find that there is a completely similar idea structure in ancient Greek thought, in fact, psuch 茅 is exactly equivalent to the so-called "heart" of China. This similarity of thought between China and Greece shows that when facing the relationship between human beings and the world, human beings have a general view of transcending cultural types, that is, some universal spiritual factors above human beings preferentially determine the spiritual phenomena of human beings. This provides the ultimate support and basis for different types of metaphysics.
【作者单位】： 中国社会科学院哲学研究所;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目“早期道家精神体验和心灵世界之研究”(14BZX118) 2016年齐鲁优秀传统文化传承创新工程重点项目“孔孟儒学历史传承与转化创新研究”的阶段性成果
【分类号】：B22;B502
，
本文编号：2195181
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