证据与确证—当代知识论证据主义下的确证问题研究
发布时间：2018-08-30 12:28
【摘要】：知识论是当代西方分析哲学研究的重要领域,传统的知识定义是得到确证的真信念,但葛梯尔的反例却说明满足这三个条件(真、信念、确证)不一定是知识,因为可能只是偶然为真或者幻觉。因此,人们将研究重心集中在确证上,认为使信念得到适当的确证比定义知识更为重要,我们所持有的信念必须是得到恰当证据支持的。对知识的分析主要是从确证上入手的。证据主义作为当代知识论流派中的一个,强调知识的确证建立在证据与命题的合理联系上。知识论中的“证据”一词主要是来源于证据主义,齐硕姆将证据看做是为命题提供无可怀疑的认知评价,他把证据的确证状态看做是“明证的”,其确证的程度介于真和确定之间,确证的证据是知觉命题。诺齐克也要求命题的确证在于证据,只不过和齐硕姆不同,诺齐克强调证据是事实与命题之间的真实联系,而不是“我想”、“我以为”之类的知觉命题。费德曼和柯内在齐硕姆和诺齐克的基础上建立起了证据主义,它遵循的是传统的知识分析理论,强调知识的确证因素集中在证据之上,认知者的信念之所以是确证的,是由于具有与认知者的信念态度相契合的证据。证据主义明确主张确证完全取决于证据,认为一信念在认识上的确证,是由认知者有关该信念的证据性质所决定的。证据主义研究的主要内容包括证据的界定,如何拥有证据,证据与信念命题之间的关系,以及证据对信念命题的确证作用等。有关证据主义的研究主要是由齐硕姆、诺齐克、费德曼等人做出的,齐硕姆的《知识论》、诺齐克的《哲学的解释》和费德曼的“证据主义”理论都对证据的上述内容进行了详细说明。本文对证据主义确证理论的思想来源、本质内涵、确证要素和认知关系进行了详细梳理,给出了一些证据确证方案,但证据确证本身却面临着内在主义和外在主义、基础主义和一致主义,以及确证规范的困境。针对这些确证困难,费德曼对确证理论的重构、合理性解释和苏珊·哈克的证据向度说明无疑具有较强的说服力,但也有各自的不足,本文从实用确证和语境原则角度试图给知识的证据确证理论提供一种可行的解决途径,为知识的本质与限度提供一种合理的解释方式。
[Abstract]:The theory of knowledge is an important field in contemporary western analytical philosophy. The traditional definition of knowledge is a true belief, but Gertier's counterexample shows that meeting these three conditions (truth, belief, confirmation) is not necessarily knowledge. Because it may just happen to be true or hallucination. Therefore, people focus on corroboration and believe that it is more important to obtain proper corroboration than to define knowledge, and that our beliefs must be supported by appropriate evidence. The analysis of knowledge is mainly from corroboration. As one of the contemporary schools of knowledge theory, evidentialism emphasizes that the corroboration of knowledge is based on the reasonable connection between evidence and proposition. The word "evidence" in the theory of knowledge is mainly derived from evidentialism. He regards evidence as providing an unquestionable cognitive evaluation for propositions, and he regards the state of corroboration of evidence as "clear proof". The degree of corroboration is between truth and certainty, and the corroborating evidence is perceptual proposition. Nozick also requires that propositions be corroborated by evidence, except that unlike Zissem, Nozick emphasizes that evidence is a true link between facts and propositions, not perceptual propositions such as "I think" or "I think". Feidman and Coenzim and Nozick build up evidentialism, which follows the traditional theory of knowledge analysis and emphasizes that the corroboration of knowledge is concentrated on evidence, and the belief of the cognitive is corroborated. It is because of evidence that fits with the cognitive beliefs and attitudes. Evidential doctrine clearly claims that corroboration is entirely dependent on evidence, and believes that the corroboration of a belief in cognition is determined by the nature of the evidence of the belief. The main contents of evidential research include the definition of evidence, how to possess evidence, the relationship between evidence and belief proposition, and the corroboration effect of evidence on belief proposition. The research on evidential doctrine was mainly made by Zissem, Nozick, Feldman and others. Zissem's Knowledgeist, Nozick's philosophical explanation and Feldman's evidential theory all explain the above contents in detail. This paper makes a detailed analysis of the ideological source, essential connotation, confirmatory elements and cognitive relationship of the evidential corroboration theory, and gives some evidential confirmation schemes, but the evidential corroboration itself is confronted with both internalism and externalism. Foundationalism and concordance, and the dilemmas of corroborating norms. In view of these difficulties, Feldman's reconstruction of corroboration theory, the explanation of rationality and the direction of evidence of Susan Huck undoubtedly have strong persuasiveness, but they also have their own shortcomings. This paper attempts to provide a feasible solution to the theory of evidential confirmation of knowledge from the angle of practical confirmation and contextual principle, and to provide a reasonable way to explain the essence and limitation of knowledge.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B017
本文编号：2213070
[Abstract]:The theory of knowledge is an important field in contemporary western analytical philosophy. The traditional definition of knowledge is a true belief, but Gertier's counterexample shows that meeting these three conditions (truth, belief, confirmation) is not necessarily knowledge. Because it may just happen to be true or hallucination. Therefore, people focus on corroboration and believe that it is more important to obtain proper corroboration than to define knowledge, and that our beliefs must be supported by appropriate evidence. The analysis of knowledge is mainly from corroboration. As one of the contemporary schools of knowledge theory, evidentialism emphasizes that the corroboration of knowledge is based on the reasonable connection between evidence and proposition. The word "evidence" in the theory of knowledge is mainly derived from evidentialism. He regards evidence as providing an unquestionable cognitive evaluation for propositions, and he regards the state of corroboration of evidence as "clear proof". The degree of corroboration is between truth and certainty, and the corroborating evidence is perceptual proposition. Nozick also requires that propositions be corroborated by evidence, except that unlike Zissem, Nozick emphasizes that evidence is a true link between facts and propositions, not perceptual propositions such as "I think" or "I think". Feidman and Coenzim and Nozick build up evidentialism, which follows the traditional theory of knowledge analysis and emphasizes that the corroboration of knowledge is concentrated on evidence, and the belief of the cognitive is corroborated. It is because of evidence that fits with the cognitive beliefs and attitudes. Evidential doctrine clearly claims that corroboration is entirely dependent on evidence, and believes that the corroboration of a belief in cognition is determined by the nature of the evidence of the belief. The main contents of evidential research include the definition of evidence, how to possess evidence, the relationship between evidence and belief proposition, and the corroboration effect of evidence on belief proposition. The research on evidential doctrine was mainly made by Zissem, Nozick, Feldman and others. Zissem's Knowledgeist, Nozick's philosophical explanation and Feldman's evidential theory all explain the above contents in detail. This paper makes a detailed analysis of the ideological source, essential connotation, confirmatory elements and cognitive relationship of the evidential corroboration theory, and gives some evidential confirmation schemes, but the evidential corroboration itself is confronted with both internalism and externalism. Foundationalism and concordance, and the dilemmas of corroborating norms. In view of these difficulties, Feldman's reconstruction of corroboration theory, the explanation of rationality and the direction of evidence of Susan Huck undoubtedly have strong persuasiveness, but they also have their own shortcomings. This paper attempts to provide a feasible solution to the theory of evidential confirmation of knowledge from the angle of practical confirmation and contextual principle, and to provide a reasonable way to explain the essence and limitation of knowledge.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B017
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