儒家伦理的二维结构体系——从“君子喻于义,小人喻于利”谈起

发布时间：2018-09-01 05:33

【摘要】："君子喻于义,小人喻于利",是儒家伦理体系的纲领。这条箴言揭示了儒家伦理的二维体系结构,即精英伦理与平民伦理,或德性伦理与功利伦理的和谐共生关系。儒家伦理从孔子道德学说的源头即兼顾了道德理想主义与道德现实主义两个思想维度。孟学传统,尤其是宋明新儒家,无视孔子兼顾义、利的德性伦理主张,将义与利、理与欲视作善与恶的对立,否定逐利伦理的正当性,从而滑向道德理想主义的极端。这种绝对主义的精英德性伦理虽然提升了儒家的道德境界,但因其忽视了儒家原有的平民伦理或有限度的功利伦理,致其在高扬道德人文精神的同时,实际上失落了儒家对于"小人"或世俗社会的道德人文关怀。故这只是儒家伦理学说体系沿一个维度的偏重发展。相比之下,荀子从自然人性出发,主张"义利两有"、"以义制利",才是真正继承孔子伦理精神者。荀学传统通过道德现实主义与理想主义的联姻,在道义论体系下为儒家保留了功利论的学脉。这种圆融的二维结构体系,符合现代社会理性主义的伦理选择,因此比只讲道义论的孟学理学伦理更能够适应中国社会伦理的现代转型。
[Abstract]:It is the creed of Confucian ethics system that a gentleman is a justice and a villain a profit. This maxim reveals the two-dimensional structure of Confucian ethics, that is, the harmonious and symbiotic relationship between elite ethics and civilian ethics, or between virtue ethics and utilitarian ethics. From the source of Confucius' moral theory, Confucian ethics takes into account the two ideological dimensions of moral idealism and moral realism. The tradition of Menciology, especially the Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties, ignored Confucius' moral ethics of taking justice and interest into account, and regarded righteousness and benefit, reason and desire as the opposition between good and evil, and negated the legitimacy of profit driven ethics, thus sliding to the extreme of moral idealism. Although this kind of absolute meritocracy moral ethics has promoted the Confucian moral realm, but because it ignored the Confucianist original common people ethics or the limited utilitarian ethics, caused it to exalt the moral humanity spirit at the same time, In fact, it has lost the Confucian moral and humanistic concern for "villain" or secular society. Therefore, this is only the development of Confucian ethics system along one dimension. In contrast, Xunzi, proceeding from natural human nature, advocates that "righteousness and benefit are two things" and "using righteousness to control profit" is the true inheritor of Confucius' ethical spirit. Through the marriage of moral realism and idealism, Xunzi tradition reserved utilitarianism for Confucianism under the deontic system. This kind of harmonious two-dimensional structure system accords with the ethical choice of modern social rationalism, so it can adapt to the modern transformation of Chinese social ethics more than Mengxue ethics which only talks about deontology.
【作者单位】：陕西师范大学文学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金重点项目“爱在美学中的基础性地位研究”(13AZX027)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：B222.1

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