马克思与弗洛姆人的本质思想比较研究
发布时间：2018-10-30 11:52
【摘要】：人的本质问题一直是哲学家所关注的焦点问题之一。马克思和弗洛姆在不同的历史条件下,对人的本质问题进行了各具特色的探讨,得出了具有一定的联系但又存在明显差异的结论。理解这些联系和差异,有助于我们更为具体的理解马克思的人学思想,更好的贯彻与落实以人为本的科学发展观。马克思对人的本质的理解主要体现在人的类本质是“自由的有意识的活动”、人的本质在其现实性上是“一切社会关系的总和”以及“人的本质是人的真正共同体”等几个命题中。其中,以人的物质生产活动为主要内容的实践活动即“自由的有意识的活动”是人的本质得以形成的基础,在实践的基础之上形成的人与人之间的社会联系以及在这些联系的基础之上而形成的共同体则是人的本质的现实存在形式。但在马克思看来,由于受到生产力水平的限制,在资本主义私有制中,人们不仅不会把人与人之间的社会联系和他们置身于其中的社会看作他们的生命须臾不可离开的本质,而是把自己理解孤立的个人,把各种各样的社会联系看作时刻需要逃离的外在束缚。面对人的本质的这种普遍异化,只有通过生产力的发展和生产关系的根本转变,才能最终扬弃。而这一切都只有通过无产阶级革命和共产主义制度的建立,才有可能得到实现。作为一名弗洛伊德的马克思主义者,弗洛姆的人学思想受到了弗洛伊德、马克思以及犹太教和佛教等各种思想的影响。在他看来,对人的本质的理解必须从他们生来就具有的同样的潜能这一角度着手,而劳动则是实现这些潜能的具体途径。但在资本主义私有制条件下,人们在实现其潜能的过程中,无法体会到现实生活中存在的各种丰富的道德与爱,从而会在心理上产生出深刻的孤独感。人与人之间的这些联系的疏离就人的本质的异化。要扬弃人的本质的异化,就必须在超越以私有财产的占有为目的的公有制社会中,重建人与人之间爱的关系。马克思的人学思想尤其是其劳动观点,对弗洛姆的人学思想有着明显的影响。但两者也存在明显的区别。马克思把劳动看作人的本质得以产生的基础,弗洛姆则把劳动看作人的本质得以实现途径;马克思认为异化就是劳动异化,弗洛姆则把异化理解人的一种心理体验;马克思认为异化的扬弃只有通过生产力的发展和无产阶级革命才能实现,弗洛姆则把异化的扬弃寄希望于心理治疗的途径。
[Abstract]:The essence of human beings has always been one of the focuses of philosophers. Marx and Fromm, under different historical conditions, discussed the essence of human beings with their own characteristics, and drew the conclusion that there are some relations but obvious differences. Understanding these connections and differences will help us to understand Marx's humanism more concretely and carry out the scientific development view of people-oriented better. Marx's understanding of human nature is mainly reflected in the fact that the nature of human beings is "free and conscious activity". The essence of man is "the sum of all social relations" and "the essence of man is the real community of man" in its reality. Among them, the practice activity which takes the human material production activity as the main content, namely "the free and conscious activity", is the foundation on which the human essence can be formed. The social connection between people and the community formed on the basis of practice are the real forms of existence of human nature. But in Marx's view, because of the limitation of productivity level, in the capitalist private ownership, people not only do not regard the social connection between people and the society in which they are placed as the essence of their life for a moment. They view themselves as isolated individuals and social connections as external constraints that need to be escaped at all times. In the face of this universal alienation of human nature, only through the development of productive forces and the fundamental transformation of production relations, can we finally sublate. All this can only be achieved through the establishment of the proletarian revolution and the communist system. As a Freud Marxist, Fromm's humanism was influenced by Freud, Marx, Judaism and Buddhism. In his view, human nature must be understood from the point of view of the same potential that they are born with, and labor is the concrete way to realize these potentials. However, under the condition of capitalist private ownership, in the process of realizing their potential, people can not realize the rich morality and love that exist in real life, which will produce a profound feeling of loneliness in psychology. The alienation of these connections between people is the alienation of human nature. In order to sublate the alienation of human nature, we must re-establish the relationship of love between people in a public society which transcends the possession of private property. Marx's humanism thought, especially his labor view, had obvious influence on Fromm's humanism thought. But there is also a clear difference between the two. Marx regarded labor as the foundation of human nature, Fromm regarded labor as the way to realize human essence, Marx thought alienation was labor alienation, Fromm understood alienation as a psychological experience of human being. Marx believed that alienation can only be realized through the development of productive forces and proletarian revolution, while Fromm put the alienation of sublation in the way of psychotherapy.
【学位授予单位】：贵州财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B038
本文编号：2299931
[Abstract]:The essence of human beings has always been one of the focuses of philosophers. Marx and Fromm, under different historical conditions, discussed the essence of human beings with their own characteristics, and drew the conclusion that there are some relations but obvious differences. Understanding these connections and differences will help us to understand Marx's humanism more concretely and carry out the scientific development view of people-oriented better. Marx's understanding of human nature is mainly reflected in the fact that the nature of human beings is "free and conscious activity". The essence of man is "the sum of all social relations" and "the essence of man is the real community of man" in its reality. Among them, the practice activity which takes the human material production activity as the main content, namely "the free and conscious activity", is the foundation on which the human essence can be formed. The social connection between people and the community formed on the basis of practice are the real forms of existence of human nature. But in Marx's view, because of the limitation of productivity level, in the capitalist private ownership, people not only do not regard the social connection between people and the society in which they are placed as the essence of their life for a moment. They view themselves as isolated individuals and social connections as external constraints that need to be escaped at all times. In the face of this universal alienation of human nature, only through the development of productive forces and the fundamental transformation of production relations, can we finally sublate. All this can only be achieved through the establishment of the proletarian revolution and the communist system. As a Freud Marxist, Fromm's humanism was influenced by Freud, Marx, Judaism and Buddhism. In his view, human nature must be understood from the point of view of the same potential that they are born with, and labor is the concrete way to realize these potentials. However, under the condition of capitalist private ownership, in the process of realizing their potential, people can not realize the rich morality and love that exist in real life, which will produce a profound feeling of loneliness in psychology. The alienation of these connections between people is the alienation of human nature. In order to sublate the alienation of human nature, we must re-establish the relationship of love between people in a public society which transcends the possession of private property. Marx's humanism thought, especially his labor view, had obvious influence on Fromm's humanism thought. But there is also a clear difference between the two. Marx regarded labor as the foundation of human nature, Fromm regarded labor as the way to realize human essence, Marx thought alienation was labor alienation, Fromm understood alienation as a psychological experience of human being. Marx believed that alienation can only be realized through the development of productive forces and proletarian revolution, while Fromm put the alienation of sublation in the way of psychotherapy.
【学位授予单位】：贵州财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B038
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