康德绝对命令探析
发布时间：2018-12-30 17:33
【摘要】：康德致力于为人的道德寻找一种具有普遍必然性的道德法则。因此,在自由意志、上帝和灵魂不死三大预设下,康德提出了自己的“绝对命令”,为人性的尊严和价值高扬旗帜。与之前的伦理学理论相比,康德道德哲学有着典型的形而上的特点。这种形上性保证了其道德哲学的纯粹性的同时,也导致了误解,被认为是脱离现实的书斋式研究,不具有现实性。这些误解往往是因为对绝对命令缺少整体性视角。任何道德哲学的探索都应该被置于整个道德哲学体系之中。对康德绝对命令的整体性把握要求我们不但要关注前康德道德哲学诸理论,而且还要从绝对命令本身的整体性着眼,理清绝对命令每种表达式独立意义的同时更要无矛盾地理顺诸表达式之间的关系和逻辑脉络,向前追溯绝对命令的理论来源,向后探索其面向经验世界道德实践的指导意义。整个哲学史是对存在是一还是多,是普遍还是个别的认识的发展史。对存在的探索从古希腊的本体论经由中世纪神学发展到近代的认识论,逐渐克服了将二者割裂的形而上学,走向了二者的辩证统一。而道德哲学中有关道德具有客观性还是相对性的争议在形而上学的基础上同样呈现出一与多的对峙。理性主义伦理学认为存在着普遍的道德准则,理性能使人洞见到这种抽象的准则。经验主义伦理学则认为感性经验才是道德的基础、来源或标准。康德通过对理性的划分,对传统形而上学中人与自然、主体与客体的关系进行了根本的改造,实行了“哥白尼式革命”,人为自然立法。同时,康德在道德哲学领域为人类的道德找到了普适性的道德法则“绝对命令”,人为自己立法,实现了人的本质——自由。康德认为道德哲学的根本目的就是要寻求普遍性的道德法则并使之能指导人的实践活动。绝对命令的三种表达式也正印证了康德道德哲学试图从超验层面的升华到经验层面的回归的逻辑演进过程。首先,康德把道德哲学置于形而上学基础之上,抛开一切质料性因素,从人的纯粹理性中寻求法则的普遍必然性,保证了绝对命令的纯粹性。然后,作为实践理性的绝对命令回归经验世界,指导人的道德实践活动。然而康德并未明确具体地说明绝对命令的回归之路,绝对命令具有的形上性同时也就弱化了其经验层面的实际可操作性。作为应用伦理学价值基准的人权理念是绝对命令在经验世界的新形式,在保留了康德道德哲学普遍的理性主义、对人的平等和尊严以及自律的坚持等理论内核的同时,将康德独白式的单一主体道德哲学发展成了交互式的众多主体的伦理范式。在实现了由“主体性”到“主体间性”理论变迁的同时,使绝对命令真正实现了从超验的形上层面到经验的现实世界的回归。康德道德哲学作为一座知识宝库,对于我国的道德建设有着巨大的指导意义。
[Abstract]:Kant was committed to finding a moral law of universal necessity for man's morality. Therefore, under the three presuppositions of free will, God and soul immortality, Kant put forward his own "absolute command" to raise the banner for the dignity and value of human nature. Compared with previous ethical theories, Kant's moral philosophy has typical metaphysical characteristics. This metaphysical nature ensures the purity of his moral philosophy, but also leads to misunderstanding, which is regarded as a study which is divorced from reality and is not realistic. These misunderstandings are often due to the lack of a holistic perspective on absolute orders. Any exploration of moral philosophy should be placed in the whole moral philosophy system. To grasp the integrity of Kant's absolute command requires us not only to pay attention to the theories of pre-Kant 's moral philosophy, but also to focus on the integrity of absolute command itself. In order to clarify the independent meaning of every expression of absolute command, it is necessary to straighten out the relationship and logical thread between the expressions without contradiction, trace back the theoretical source of absolute command, and explore the guiding significance of its moral practice in the empirical world. The history of philosophy is one or more of existence, a history of universal or individual understanding. The exploration of existence from the ontology of ancient Greece through medieval theology to modern epistemology gradually overcomes the metaphysics that separates the two and moves towards the dialectical unity of the two. On the basis of metaphysics, the controversy about the objectivity or relativity of morality in moral philosophy also presents one and more confrontations. Rationalism ethics holds that there are universal moral norms, which can be seen by reason. Empirical ethics holds that perceptual experience is the basis, source, or standard of morality. Kant reformed the relationship between man and nature, subject and object in traditional metaphysics through the division of rationality, and carried out "Copernican revolution" and artificial nature legislation. At the same time, Kant found the universal moral law "absolute command" for human morality in the field of moral philosophy, and man legislated for himself and realized the essence of human being-freedom. Kant believes that the fundamental purpose of moral philosophy is to seek universal moral principles and guide human practice. The three expressions of absolute command also confirm the logical evolution of Kant's moral philosophy from the transcendental level to the empirical level. First of all, Kant put moral philosophy on the basis of metaphysics, set aside all the material factors, sought the universal inevitability of law from man's pure reason, and ensured the purity of absolute command. Then, as the absolute command of practical reason, return to the world of experience, guide the moral practice of human activities. However, Kant does not clearly and concretely explain the return of absolute command, and the metaphysical character of absolute command weakens the practical maneuverability of its experience. The concept of human rights, as a benchmark of applied ethics value, is a new form of absolute command in the world of experience, while retaining the general rationalism of Kant's moral philosophy, the core of the theory of equality and dignity of human beings and self-discipline, etc. Kant's monologue of single subject moral philosophy has developed into an interactive ethical paradigm of many subjects. At the same time, the theory of "subjectivity" to "inter-subjectivity" has been changed, and the absolute command has truly realized the return from the transcendental level to the real world of experience. Kant's moral philosophy, as a treasure trove of knowledge, has great guiding significance for the moral construction of our country.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B516.31
本文编号：2395903
[Abstract]:Kant was committed to finding a moral law of universal necessity for man's morality. Therefore, under the three presuppositions of free will, God and soul immortality, Kant put forward his own "absolute command" to raise the banner for the dignity and value of human nature. Compared with previous ethical theories, Kant's moral philosophy has typical metaphysical characteristics. This metaphysical nature ensures the purity of his moral philosophy, but also leads to misunderstanding, which is regarded as a study which is divorced from reality and is not realistic. These misunderstandings are often due to the lack of a holistic perspective on absolute orders. Any exploration of moral philosophy should be placed in the whole moral philosophy system. To grasp the integrity of Kant's absolute command requires us not only to pay attention to the theories of pre-Kant 's moral philosophy, but also to focus on the integrity of absolute command itself. In order to clarify the independent meaning of every expression of absolute command, it is necessary to straighten out the relationship and logical thread between the expressions without contradiction, trace back the theoretical source of absolute command, and explore the guiding significance of its moral practice in the empirical world. The history of philosophy is one or more of existence, a history of universal or individual understanding. The exploration of existence from the ontology of ancient Greece through medieval theology to modern epistemology gradually overcomes the metaphysics that separates the two and moves towards the dialectical unity of the two. On the basis of metaphysics, the controversy about the objectivity or relativity of morality in moral philosophy also presents one and more confrontations. Rationalism ethics holds that there are universal moral norms, which can be seen by reason. Empirical ethics holds that perceptual experience is the basis, source, or standard of morality. Kant reformed the relationship between man and nature, subject and object in traditional metaphysics through the division of rationality, and carried out "Copernican revolution" and artificial nature legislation. At the same time, Kant found the universal moral law "absolute command" for human morality in the field of moral philosophy, and man legislated for himself and realized the essence of human being-freedom. Kant believes that the fundamental purpose of moral philosophy is to seek universal moral principles and guide human practice. The three expressions of absolute command also confirm the logical evolution of Kant's moral philosophy from the transcendental level to the empirical level. First of all, Kant put moral philosophy on the basis of metaphysics, set aside all the material factors, sought the universal inevitability of law from man's pure reason, and ensured the purity of absolute command. Then, as the absolute command of practical reason, return to the world of experience, guide the moral practice of human activities. However, Kant does not clearly and concretely explain the return of absolute command, and the metaphysical character of absolute command weakens the practical maneuverability of its experience. The concept of human rights, as a benchmark of applied ethics value, is a new form of absolute command in the world of experience, while retaining the general rationalism of Kant's moral philosophy, the core of the theory of equality and dignity of human beings and self-discipline, etc. Kant's monologue of single subject moral philosophy has developed into an interactive ethical paradigm of many subjects. At the same time, the theory of "subjectivity" to "inter-subjectivity" has been changed, and the absolute command has truly realized the return from the transcendental level to the real world of experience. Kant's moral philosophy, as a treasure trove of knowledge, has great guiding significance for the moral construction of our country.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B516.31
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