美国公共信托理论评介

发布时间：2018-01-30 18:30

本文关键词： 公共信托理论公共财产自然资源管理伊利诺伊州案 Joseph Sax　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：法学的视野下,如何处理政府、公民与公产之间的关系,是超越于意识形态和政治制度的普遍课题,任何现代国家都无法回避。中国行政法学继承了法国传统公产理论以“所有权”为核心概念的结构体系,空有“国家所有权”概念之余,却缺乏对公民使用公产权利的宪法与行政法关怀,在对公产的定性、公产的使用、公产的流转等问题的回答上仍不甚清晰。本文选择从美国公共信托理论(以下简称PTD)的视角出发,以他者的身份反观中国的公产理论与实践,以期能够对中国公产领域的理论研究形成有益的知识增量。本文的主旨在于最大可能地还原PTD在美国诞生的原因和背景,通过对被视作PTD“马伯里案”的“伊利诺伊州案”的分析,以及被誉为“公共信托之父”的Joseph Sax教授观点的阐述,落脚于现代司法、行政和立法机关对于PTD的态度和由此导致的PTD的拓展趋势,并对PTD所招致的质疑做出恰当地回应。本文以六章的篇幅诠释了文章的主题:美国公共信托理论之“介”与“评”。引言部分:在引出“如何处理政府、公民与公产三者之间关系”这个普遍性问题的前提下,概括梳理中国行政法学公产理论研究与实践中存在的问题,并交待传统公产理论与美国PTD的可能对接与契合。国内学者引介PTD时一则局限于环境法领域,二则对其褒奖胜于质疑,因此笔者在本文中试图尽可能全面地还原PTD在美国运行的真实面貌。第一章介绍PTD的基本内涵及其历史溯源。核心问题是:何谓公共信托?它与私法上的信托制度有何关联?它是如何诞生如何发展成为英国普通法上的一个重要原则并且进入美国的司法实践中去的?美国为什么要采纳公共信托这样一种理论并如何将发源于古罗马的公共信托“本土化”?公共信托的理念发祥于古罗马对公共所有权的宣告。在英王室与公众的权力之争中,此种宣告以公共信托的形式演变成英国普通法原则的一部分,并经由殖民者带入北美大陆。美国PTD借用了起源于衡平法的“信托”概念,将传统私法信托的三方主体结构引入到公法的视角,围绕“信托财产”建构了一种“委托人-受托人-受益人”的三方结构,巧妙地解释了政府、公民与公共财产这三者之间的关系。第二章介绍被誉为公共信托中的马伯里案的伊利诺伊州一案。核心问题是:公共信托如何从一种理论发展到美国的司法实践中去的?伊利诺伊州案回答了PTD的哪些核心问题?它能否抽象出一种联邦范围内普遍适用的司法原则?本章首先分析伊利诺伊州案判决所援引的早期判例,其次分别介绍了该案的基本案情、最高法院的判决意见及其意义与局限,并对该案所引发的“PTD是联邦法还是州法原则”之争进行回应。第三章介绍被誉为公共信托之父的Joseph Sax的观点及其影响。核心问题是:为什么说Sax“复兴”了PTD?他是如何重新发掘并复兴了古老的公共信托原则?他为什么会提出这样的理论和观点?他的观点存在哪些创新与局限?本章首先阐述了Sax关于PTD的两个核心观点:公共信托理论的内容和范围,司法机关的有效介入对于发展PTD的重要性;其次讨论了Sax所处的时代背景及其复兴PTD可能的原因;再次分析了Sax观点的创新与局限性所在。第四章通过具体案例和学者观点的分析,探究后Sax时代里PTD的发展趋势:第一小节分析在学界与司法机关的双重推动下,PTD司法功能的多元化及其在地理范围和资源种类上的拓展趋势;第二小节略述行政机关对于适用PTD的态度;第三小节分析PTD在现代美国的宪法化及法典化的趋势。第五章分析后Sax时代对PTD的质疑声音。通过阐述PTD的反对观点和批评意见,并分析批评者所处时代背景及理论环境的变迁,为读者全面理解PTD提供一种反向思考。笔者以为,尽管公共信托是一种“法律拟制”,却并不妨碍它以一种极富弹性的姿态去包容并解释当下的现实困境。尽管时代变迁,但PTD却能够不断调试自身以适应不断变化的公众需求。最后的结论部分,笔者以“普遍课题下的中国式思考”、“PTD之介”、“PTD之评”三部分分别立论,对前文的观点和陈述进行总结。并在文章末尾对未竟的中国问题进行简单交待。
[Abstract]:Under the view of law , how to deal with the relationship between government , citizen and public production is a universal task that goes beyond ideology and political system , and any modern country cannot evade . The Chinese administrative law inherits the concept of " ownership " as the core concept , but lacks the constitution and administrative law concern for citizen ' s right to use public goods . The main purpose of this paper is to minimize the cause and background of the birth in the United States . Through the analysis of the " Illinois Case " regarded as the " Marbury Case " , and the views of Joseph Sax , the father of the Public Trust , the author points out the tendency of the modern judicial , administrative and legislative organs to expand the attitude of the ptd and the resulting ptd , and to respond appropriately to the challenge incurred by the ptd . This article explains the theme of the article in six chapters : the " dielectric " and " evaluation " of the public trust theory in the United States . Introduction : On the premise of leading out " how to deal with the relationship between government , citizen and public production " , this paper summarizes the problems existing in the research and practice of the theoretical research and practice of administrative law in China , and puts forward the possibility of docking and cooperation between the traditional public production theory and the United States . The first chapter introduces the basic connotation and the historical origin . What is the core question is : What is the public trust ? How does it relate to the trust system in private law ? How to develop into a common trust of the United States and enter the American judicial practice ? The second chapter introduces the case of the Illinois State , which is regarded as the Marbury case in the public trust . The core question is how the public trust goes from a theory to the judicial practice of the United States . The Illinois case answers the core questions in the federal range . Can it abstract the basic case of the case , secondly introduces the basic case of the case , the judgment of the Supreme Court and its significance and limitation , and responds to the dispute arising from the case . The third chapter introduces Joseph Sax ' s viewpoint and its influence on the father of public trust . In chapter 4 , through the analysis of specific case and scholar ' s point of view , the development trend is explored in the post - Sax time period : the first subsection analyzes the diversification of the function and the development trend in the geographical area and resources by the double push of the academic circle and the judicial organ ; the second section outlines the attitude of the administrative organ to the application of the ptd ; and the third subsection analyses the trend of the ptd in the modern united states . The author thinks that , although the public trust is a kind of " legal fiction " , it does not prevent it from being able to contain and explain the present predicament in an extremely flexible attitude . At the end of the article , the author summarizes the viewpoints and statements of the previous text , and makes a brief description of the outstanding Chinese problems at the end of the article .

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.28

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