民族习惯法的经济分析

发布时间：2018-02-14 14:27

本文关键词： 初民社会民族习惯法经济分析　出处：《中央民族大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：经济分析法学自产生以来,在全世界产生了广泛的影响。相关学者不仅将它运用到部门法的分析中去,还逐步将它运用到非市场行为分析中去,试图在各种不同的领域发现经济理性的作用形式。本文运用这一理论,对民族习惯法进行研究,力图发现隐含其中的经济理性。文章的第一章对“民族习惯法中的交易成本”问题进行了分析。交易成本是经济分析法学的核心概念之一。经济分析法学的研究表明,交易成本广泛存在于社会生活之中。各种制度发展的一个重要目的就是降低交易成本。本章第一节对交易成本的基本理论做了简要的介绍。第二节对沉默交易、礼物交换进行了分析,主要分析这些具体制度中存在些什么样的交易成本,以及该制度和其他可选择的制度相比较存在哪些交易成本上的优势。第二章主要论述了“信息成本与制度选择”问题。在技术条件落后的初民社会,发现事实、保存信息、传递信息都需要较高的成本。在有些情况下,信息费用较高,但是我们无法避开。这时,我们要通过制度选择来适应这种情况,如案件真相难以调查清楚时选择严格责任制或者神判。有时候,我们可以想办法以更便捷的方式获取有用的信息,比如通过年龄区分、性别区分来区分不同群体的基本劳动能力,通过个人在日常生活中的表现来承认他的领袖地位。第三章的主要内容是赔命价制度中的成本问题。第一节中,笔者就赔命价产生的经济合理性进行了分析,从血亲复仇到赔命价的制度变迁过程着手,分析了血亲复仇潜藏的机会成本、沉没成本。通过本节的研究,说明从血亲复仇到赔命价的制度变迁,是一种有利于节约社会成本的进步。第二节对藏族“赔命价”的制度变迁进行了分析。说明藏族赔命价制度在变迁过程中通过减少案件类型有效的降低了交易成本,使得双方当事人更容易就赔偿标准达成一致意见。第三节重点分析了青海藏族赔命价的经济意义。通过分析,证明赔命价是对致害人家庭的严厉惩罚,可以起到威慑潜在犯罪者的作用；另一方面,赔命价最终由受害人家庭、受害人亲属及部落头领、宗教人士共同分享了,受害人家庭只得到命价中很少的一部分。这和当地的社会结构有着密切的关系,曾经是合理的。但是,随着社会的发展,其中一些做法在现代社会已经明显不合理。要想较好的解决赔命价与国家法的冲突,就应重视赔命价制度中存在的合理性因素。第四章关注的是“民族习惯法中的效率”问题。初民社会充满各种危险,其中最大的问题就是食物短缺。所有的人都面临着巨大的生存压力,必须在现有的条件下想尽一切办法来提高生产效率,以赢得更多的生存机会。第一节对集体狩猎与刀耕火种两种制度进行了研究。通过研究,认为这两种制度都能在一定程度上产生规模经济效应,提高劳动生产率,获得更多的生活资料。第二节对纠纷处理效率问题进行研究。通过研究,证明在少数民族地区,依习惯法调解纠纷,相对于通过国家法诉讼而言,通常能更快的达成纠纷处理一致意见、有效的降低调解成本(如交通费用、诉讼代理费等)和执行成本(很少有执行难问题)。第五章对“民族习惯法中的风险分摊”问题进行研究。初民社会充满各种危险,除了食物短缺,还有野兽的袭击、自然灾害、血亲复仇等,每一种风险都可能致人于死地。因此,必须在一定范围内分摊风险,创造相对稳定的生存环境。第一节对对初民社会中的食物分享和共耕制的研究,说明这两项制度实际上有效的分摊了初民社会中食物短缺、生产缺乏保障的风险。第二节对初民社会中刑事赔偿集体责任制度的研究,说明该项制度能有效的减少因小家庭无法承担赔偿责任而引起新的更大纠纷的可能,降低了血亲复仇和械斗的风险。本文的主要观点可以归纳为：在一定的资源廪赋和技术条件下,如何降低成本、提高效率在制度的形成与变化过程中有重要影响,发现其中的规律性问题对于解释少数民族习惯法具有一定的理论意义。
[Abstract]:The economic analysis law has produced a wide range of influences all over the world since its emergence . Relevant scholars not only applied it to the analysis of the department law , but also gradually applied it to the analysis of non - market behavior , and tried to find the function form of economic reason in various fields . The first chapter analyzes the problem of transaction cost in " national common law " . The transaction cost is one of the core concepts of economic analysis law . The research of economic analysis law indicates that transaction cost is widely existed in social life . One of the important purposes of the development of various systems is to reduce transaction cost . Section 2 analyzes the basic theory of transaction cost . The second chapter mainly discusses the problem of " information cost and system choice " . In some cases , the information cost is high , but we can not avoid it . In some cases , we should adopt the system choice to adapt to this situation . In some cases , we should choose the strict responsibility system or the divine judgment when the truth of the case is difficult to investigate . Sometimes , we can find a way to get useful information in a more convenient way , such as by age differentiation , gender distinction to distinguish the basic labor ability of different groups , and recognize his leader status through the performance of the individual in daily life . In the first part , the author analyzes the economic rationality of the settlement price , and analyses the economic significance of the Tibetan claim price . In the third section , it is proved that the compensation price is the most severe punishment for the family of the victims . The third section points out that the compensation price is a very small part of the compensation standard . However , with the development of society , some of the practice is already obvious in the modern society . The fourth chapter is concerned with the problem of " efficiency in national common law " . The biggest problem is the shortage of food . All the people are faced with enormous survival pressure . All the people are faced with great survival pressure . The first section studies the efficiency of collective hunting and knife cultivation . Through the research , it is proved that in the minority areas , the disputes can be settled in accordance with customary law . In contrast to the adoption of national law litigation , it is often possible to deal with disputes more quickly and effectively reduce the cost of mediation ( such as transportation cost , litigation agency fee , etc . ) and execution cost ( rarely implementation difficulties ) . Chapter 5 studies the problem of " risk allocation " in " national common law " . In addition to food shortage , there is also the attack of wild animals , natural disasters , blood relatives and revenge , etc . , every risk can cause death . The first section studies the system of collective responsibility for food sharing and co - cultivation in the society of the first people . The main points of this paper can be summed up as follows : how to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency in the process of the formation and change of the system under the certain resources and conditions , and find that the regularity of the system is of theoretical significance to the interpretation of the customary law of ethnic minorities .

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D920.4

【引证文献】