中国立法听证制度之完善研究

发布时间：2018-02-23 23:33

本文关键词： 立法听证公众参与听证制度完善　出处：《河北师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在西方国家，“立法听证”与“民主”一直相伴而存在，正是反映着民主精神，所以立法听证制度也得到了一直不断地改进和完善。总而言之，立法听证制度的发展经历了这样一个从司法听证逐渐到立法听证的过程。立法听证是广大公民参与立法、管理国家事务的重要途径，是立法机关接受人民监督的有益形式，是保障公民监督权的重要方式。因此，立法听证也一直是西方各国健全其法律的重要途径。一般认为，听证制度最早发端于英国，听证制度源于古老的“自然公正原则”，，是天赋人权在行政立法领域内的延伸与拓展。作为正当法律程序的一项具体形式，在司法审判领域内开创了立法听证制度，以至于充分保证司法运作的公平性和贯彻司法救济原则。而当这一制度形式从英国传到美国后，则被进一步移植到立法活动和行政实践中去，从而被用作提升立法与行政民主化程度以及广泛获取相关信息的有益方法。特别是在第一次世界大战以后，听证制度日益为越来越多的国家和地区所接纳并加以改进。在当今世界范围内，受现代民主理念的渐进传播潮流的促动，听证制度已经发展成为众多国家或地区的司法、立法和行政运作中的一种颇具实效和影响力的一种程序性的民主形式。一直以来，“听证”一词都是伴随着“民主”这个词一同出现的，在我国人们的意识中立法的民主性已经成为了一种共识。立法听证，就是在一部法律将要出台前，让与其有着一定利益关系的群众、法学者或专家参与其中，以便充分了解其立法宗旨、背景、内容及形式，发现问题并监督促使其趋于完善的法律保护的立法过程，它是一种民主立法形式的具体体现，也是一个法制国家完善立法制度的必由之路[1]。在西方国家，立法听证是民主精神的体现，因此，有学者认为其发展及健全也是随着民主精神的不断完善而实现的。还有学者提出，最早可以在1215年英国颁布的《自由大宪章》中的公民法律保护权相关规定中找到立法听证的起源[2]。其发展是由司法听证逐步过渡为立法听证的。在美国、英国的司法审判制度中听证制度最初确立，后来随着法治和民主的不断发展和完善，在西方社会中，公众对于参与立法的呼声逐渐增强，立法听证制度随之产生，而且得到广大民众的普遍认可，尤其在第二次世界大战之后，在日本和拉丁美洲的一些国家中也采取了立法听证制度。在现代的法制国家中看，任何制度的出台都具有其深刻的现实背景，立法听证制度也不例外。它之所以能够在20世纪90年代中后期被逐渐地引入到中国，有着其深刻的社会原因，无论从国外大的背景来看，还是从我国出现的新情况来看，我国引入立法听证都有着历史的必然性。而在我国，听证制度真正进入立法领域的标志，是2000年3月九届全国人大三次会议通过的《立法法》。据有关统计数字显示，我国各省市自治区的立法听证以2004年为高峰，但是在此阶段之后，立法听证制度的实施不仅没有上升，而且还呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。出现这种“水土不服”的情况并不奇怪，它反映了通过移植方式进入中国的立法听证制度，由于不同的制度背景，不可能不遇到困难。因此，要想使得立法听证制度能够在我国这种“新的土壤”中，扎根生长，必须对其进行悉心地“培植”与“呵护”。本论文正是在这种背景的条件下，以促进我国立法听证制度的逐步完善为目的，首先总结了立法听证制度的涵义与意义分析，并着重分析了我国立法听证制度的执行情况及现状分析；其次，对比分析了美国、德国、加拿大等西方国家的立法听证制度的特点；最后，对在完善我国立法听证制度方面，提出了若干适合我国国情的发展建议。在研究内容方面，本论文将从以下几个方面展开。第一部分：立法听证制度的涵义与意义分析第二部分：我国立法听证制度的执行情况及现状分析第三部分：他山之石——国外立法听证制度的比较与分析第四部分：完善我国立法听证制度之建议第五部分：结论
[Abstract]:In western countries, "the legislative hearing" and "democracy" has been accompanied by the existence, it is reflects the spirit of democracy, the legislative hearing system has been constantly improved and perfected. In a word, the legislative hearing system has experienced a gradual process from the judicial hearing to the legislative hearing is the legislative hearing. The majority of citizens' participation in legislation is an important way to the management of state affairs, the legislature is to accept beneficial form of supervision by the people, is an important way to protect the citizen right of supervision. Therefore, the legislative hearing system is an important way to perfect the law of western countries.
Generally, the hearing system first originated in the United Kingdom, the hearing system stems from the ancient principle of the natural justice, is the extension and expansion of human rights in the field of administrative legislation. As a specific form of due process of law, in the judicial field of legislative hearing system, so as to fully guarantee the functioning of the judiciary fairness and carry out the principle of judicial relief. When the system form from England to America, was further transplanted into legislative activities and administrative practice, which is used as a useful method to improve the legislative and administrative democratization and extensive access to relevant information. Especially after the first World War, the hearing system is as more and more countries and regions accepted and improved. In today's world, the modern democratic idea gradually spread the trend of the actuator, hearing system has been developed A procedural democracy in the judicial, legislative and administrative operations of a large number of countries or regions.
All along, the word "hearing" is accompanied by the word "democracy" appears with democratic legislation in our country, people's consciousness has become a consensus. The legislative hearing, is in a law will be introduced before, let the masses with certain interests, law or experts involved, in order to fully understand the legislative purpose, background, content and form, to find the problem and to oversee the legislative process to improve the legal protection, which is a concrete manifestation of democratic legislation, but also a national legal system perfect the legislative system the only way which must be passed to [1].
In western countries, the legislative hearing is the embodiment of the spirit of democracy, therefore, some scholars believe that the development and implementation of the spirit of democracy is perfect with continuous improvement. There are scholars, the relevant provisions of the law to protect the civil rights of the earliest issue in the 1215 British Magna Carta < > in the origin of [2]. found in the legislative hearing its development is from the judicial hearing gradually transition to the legislative hearing. The hearing system in the United States, British judicial system initially established, and later with the development and perfection of the rule of law and democracy, in western society, the public participation legislation has gradually increased, the legislative hearing system produced, and has been widely recognized by the masses especially, after the Second World War, Japan and some countries in Latin America also adopted the legislative hearing system.
In the modern legal country, any system has its profound realistic background, the legislative hearing system is no exception. It was in the late 1990s was gradually introduced to Chinese, has its profound social reasons, whether from the background of foreign to see, or from the new situation in China, the introduction of the legislative hearing in China has a historical inevitability. In China, marks the real legislative hearing system in the field of 2000, the three meeting of the 3 session of the National People's Congress of the "legislation law. According to the relevant statistics show that China's legislative hearing in the provinces and autonomous regions for the 2004 peak, but at this stage, the implementation of the legislative hearing system not only did not rise, but also show a gradual downward trend. This situation is not surprising" The climate does not suit one. ", it reflects through transplantation The legislative hearing system in China can not be difficult because of different institutional backgrounds. Therefore, in order to make the legislative hearing system able to root in our new soil, we must cultivate and care carefully.
This paper is in the background, to promote China's legislative hearing system gradually perfect for the purpose, first summarizes the meaning and significance of the legislative hearing system, and focuses on the analysis of the implementation and the status quo of China's legislative hearing system; secondly, comparative analysis of the United States, Germany, Canada and other characteristics in western countries, the legislative hearing system; finally, to improve the legislative hearing system of our country, put forward some development suggestions for China's national conditions.
In the field of research, this paper will be carried out in the following aspects.
The first part: the analysis of the meaning and significance of the legislative hearing system
The second part: the analysis of the implementation and present situation of the legislative hearing system in China
The third part: the comparison and analysis of foreign legislative hearing system outside the box
The fourth part: suggestions for perfecting our country's legislative hearing system
The fifth part: the conclusion

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D920.0

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