中国古代行政法起源探析

发布时间：2018-03-04 10:01

本文选题：行政法起源　切入点：行政权　出处：《河北师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：关于行政法起源是一个有争议的话题,我国法学界对此有着截然不同的两种态度。以大部分行政法学家为代表的学者认为我国古代不存在现代意义上的行政法,其认为现行的各国行政法均是近代资产阶级的产物,是以法国最高行政法院的前身国家参事院的成立为其产生标志,我国古代是诸法合体的法律体制,且大部分的行政权以及最高行政权均归属于皇帝,行政法没有生存的空间。因此,我国古代不存在行政法。而在中国法史学界对此就持有相反的观点,他们认为我国古代是存在行政法的。我国古代虽然是诸法合体的法律体系,但研究某项法律是否存在,重要的是看是否存在调整该法律关系的法律,不能仅仅研究是否存在该项法律的成文法典,不成文法、判例、敕令也是法律的重要渊源。我国古代虽然不存在成文的行政法典,但调整行政法律关系的法律条文普遍的存在于各个时期的判例以及其他成文法中。结合现今法学界持有的理论,大致可分为如下几个主要观点: 第一、持绝对否定论的学者认为:只有三权分立明确之后,才谈得上适用行政法,宪政民主、行政权法定是行政法存在的必要前提;前资本主义社会的经济条件以及受这一经济条件所制约的政治生活决定了中国古代不可能存在行政法。第二、持绝对肯定论的学者或认为:“有了国家,就有政府,……就必然有管理活动的各种法规,只不过在不同社会、不同性质的国家里,有不同性质的行政法。第三、持反驳论的学者有两种意见:一、只要有行政,就有行政权,调整行政权行使过程中所产生的各种社会关系的法律就是行政法。资产阶级三权分立并非创造出行政权,而仅仅是使之分立,行政法也是如此,只不过是把它从其他的法律形式中分出来,单独成为一个体系,加以完善。二、或认为以社会主义国家不搞三权分立,但也存在行政法为例反驳否定论不过,这样的反驳还不够具有说服力,但毕竟这两种社会制度都是以民主宪政为其体制的基本特征。第四、在综述和评价古代有无行政法的争论的过程中,还存在着一种价值论观点,例如关保英认为“问题的关键就在于对行政法性质理解上所存在的分歧。对古代是否存在行政法并不能简单地以是否有规范存在为标准,还应有一定的价值判断,……社会所以需要法律,历史所以将行政法创造出来,其目的就在于法律能够实现社会的公平,行政法能够实现公民和行政机关在法律上的真正平等。学生认为,任何部门法在不同的社会形态中,其“价值判断”都存在着不同,如果依照这种“任何法律制度的存在不仅仅在于为社会提供一种规范,更重要的在于价值观念。……行政法不单纯是一种法律规范,更体现一定的价值判断”的观点,衡之于现代法律价值观念,中国古代非但不存在行政法,甚至连刑法也未必有存在的意义和理由了。所以,这种看法显然并非在客观地评价这场争论,而是更强调了行政法存在的“现代前提”。研究行政法的起源,首先必须要明白行政法的定义,现阶段之所以出现诸多不同的观点的重要原因,在于学者们研究行政法起源时对行政法定义的不同。狭义的行政法定义将行政法与民主、自由、平等以及控权相联系,而广义的行政法定义则认为行政法是有关行政的法律规范的总称。无论是研究行政法的概念,还是行政法的定义,我们均要对法的本质有清晰的理解。马克思法律理论对法的本质的解释是,法是由当时当地的社会物质生产方式所决定的代表了统治阶级利益的统治阶级意志的体现,是统治阶级进行阶级统治和社会控制的最重要的工具。因此,作为法的重要组成部分的行政法也当然的体现了法的本质,并作为统治阶级的阶级统治工具和社会控制工具而存在。通过马克思法律理论的分析,我们便可以得出结论,行政法是伴随着国家、行政权的出现而产生的。本文对行政法起源的分析,是在将行政、行政权、行政法的概念进行比较研究的基础上,以马克思主义法律原理作为研究工具,进行深度的剖析。并从我国法史学的角度,列举古代行政法判例,古代行政法与司法的关系等角度,对我国古代的行政法进行分析和论证。证明我国古代存在行政法这一事实是不可否认的。
[Abstract]:About the origin of the administrative law is a controversial topic in the law circle of our country there are two kinds of different attitude. Most of the administrative law as a representative of the scholars think the significance of modern administrative law does not exist in ancient China, the current administrative law that the states are the product of the capitalist class, is the symbol of the with the establishment of the Supreme Administrative Court in France the predecessor of the National Academy of counselor for the ancient Chinese legal system is the combination of all laws, and most of the administrative power and the highest administrative rights are vested in the emperor, the administrative law did not survive. Because of this, the administrative law does not exist in ancient China. But in the China law this holds the opposite view, they believe that in ancient China is the existence of administrative law in ancient China. Although the legal system is the combination of all laws, but on whether a law exists, it is important to see whether there is the adjustment The legal relationship of the law, not only on the existence of the statute law, unwritten law, case law, decree of the law is an important source of ancient China. Although there is no statutory administrative laws, legal provisions but the adjustment of administrative legal relationship generally exists in each period of the case and other statutes. Combined with the the law holds the theory can be divided into the following main points:
First, the absolute negation of scholars believe that: only after the separation of the three powers clearly, before we talk about the application of administrative law, constitutional democracy, legal administrative power is a necessary prerequisite for the administrative law; pre capitalist social economic conditions and the economic constraints of the political life determines the ancient China there can be no administrative method.
Second, scholars who hold absolute affirmative theory believe that "there are governments with a state. There must be various regulations governing management activities, but there are different administrative laws in different countries and countries of different nature.
Third, to refute the theory scholars have two views: first, as long as there are administrative, administrative power, adjust the exertion of administrative power in the process of social relations is the law of the administrative law. The bourgeois separation of the three powers not only create travel regime, which is discrete, so it is only administrative law. But it is separate from the other forms of law, to become a separate system, to be improved. Two, or that the socialist countries to engage in the separation of the three powers, but there are also administrative law as an example to refute the theory but that objection is not convincing, but after all, these two kinds of social systems is a constitutional democracy as the basic characteristics of the system.
Fourth, in the process of review and evaluation of the ancient administrative law argument, there is also a value theory, such as Guan Baoying that "the key lies in the existence of differences in understanding the nature of administrative law. The existence of ancient administrative law is not simply whether the specification for standard. There should be a certain value judgment. So, social need of legal history, so the administrative law was created, its purpose lies in the law to achieve social fairness, administrative law can realize the citizen and administrative organs in the law of real peace. Students think that any departments in different social forms, its value" there are different, if in accordance with the "no legal system not only provides a specification for the society, the more important is that the concept of value. The administrative law is not only a law Fan, more embodies the value judgment of "point of view, the balance in the modern legal concept of value, not only does not exist China ancient administrative law, even criminal law may not be meaningful and reason to exist. Therefore, this view is clearly not in the objective evaluation of this debate, but more emphasis on the administrative law" the modern premise ".
The study of the origin of the administrative law, we must first understand the definition of the administrative law, an important reason for the appearance of many different views, that different definitions of administrative law scholars studying the origin of the administrative law. Administrative law administrative law and the narrow definition of democracy, freedom, equality and power control link, and administrative by definition of generalized is that administrative law is the General Administration of relevant legal norms. Both the concept of administrative law, or the definition of administrative law, we have to have a clear understanding of the nature of law. The interpretation of the essence of law of Marx's legal theory is that law is by the local social material production the decision on behalf of the interests of the ruling class of the ruling class will reflect, is the ruling class of the most important tools of the ruling class and social control. Therefore, as an important part of the administrative law Law, of course, embodies the essence of law and exists as a class ruling tool and social control tool of the ruling class. Through the analysis of Marx's legal theory, we can conclude that administrative law is accompanied by the emergence of state and executive power.
This paper analyzes the origin of administrative law, administrative power in administrative, a comparative study based on the concept of administrative law, the Marx doctrine of legal principle as a research tool, in-depth analysis. And from the perspective of history, are the ancient administrative law jurisprudence, administrative law and judicial perspective of ancient relationship and the analysis and demonstration of China's ancient administrative law. Ancient China has proved the fact that the administrative law is undeniable.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929;D922.1

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