民国时期新疆刑事司法制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-14 12:32

本文选题：民国新疆　切入点：刑事司法　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：新疆作为多民族、多宗教、多文化地区,历史上有很多独具特色的法律制度。国时期,是新疆刑事司法制度逐步向近代化转型的重要时期,在传统刑律思想、伊斯兰教法、民族习惯法外,逐步建立近代刑事司法制度,在新疆法制史上具有重要意义。新疆法制近代化的特征主要表现在三个方面：独立司法系统的建立,近代刑法具体制度、概念的运用,近代刑事诉讼制度的确立。在司法系统方面,经历了行政兼理司法,独立司法机构的过渡形式——司法公署和司法处,最后形成新疆高等法院、高等法院分院、地方法院的法院体系。在刑法制度方而,新疆尊奉中央法统,在司法审判中按北京政府、南京国民政府的法律制度进行,对疑难案件上报中央司法机关作出解释,死刑上报复核。新疆司法机构在审理刑事案件中引入了近代刑法原则,在司法指导思想上有了新的变革,使用新的刑事概念、罪名体系、刑罚原则,推动了新疆刑事司法的近代化。在诉讼程序方而,建立了公诉制度、上诉制度,重视证据规则、因果关系的运用,推动了新疆刑事司法的近代化。但是受制于当时新疆的政治体制、文化传统、社会环境等因素影响,刑事司法近代化的进程是非常不彻底的。民国时期新疆孤悬塞外,中央政府无暇西顾,杨增新、金树仁、盛世才等统治者大权独揽,任意干预司法。杨增新统治时期,司法由行政兼理,都督府对重大刑事案件都要进行审查,案件审理的最终决定权完全掌握在杨增新手中。盛世才为了实现独裁统治,多次发动大规模的阴谋暴动案,法律规范被完全践踏,司法程序被彻底破坏新疆司法建设缓慢,杨增新执政时期要求缓设审检两厅,实行行政兼理司法,到1929年新疆才成立高等法院。1934年盛世才执政后,提出加强司法建设,但是用了10年之久,只设立迪化等6处地方法院。到解放前夕,新疆省有79个县局,成立的地方法院只有21个,未成立独立司法机构的地方仍然由行政兼理司法。同时司法人员缺乏,专业素质不高,司法工作水平较低。由于新疆是少数民族聚居地区,民族习惯法、宗教法仍然在刑事司法领域发挥一定作用。杨增新统治时期实行牵制与羁縻的民族政策。为拉拢新疆各族上层,对维护王公贵族利益的司法习惯听之任之。哈密回王宗教法庭的刑事司法权直到1934年改土归流后才被废止。在区革命政府的司法系统中,也建立了宗教法庭。此外,南疆许多地方的农奴制庄园经济一直残留到解放前,在官府的默许和纵容下,农奴主对农奴滥用私刑。这些都使得民国新疆刑事司法制度独具特色。
[Abstract]:Xinjiang, as a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multicultural region, has many unique legal systems in its history. The period of the state was an important period in which the criminal justice system in Xinjiang gradually changed to modernization. In the traditional criminal law ideology, Islamic law, Besides the national customary law, the establishment of modern criminal justice system is of great significance in the history of Xinjiang's legal system. The characteristics of the modernization of Xinjiang legal system are mainly manifested in three aspects: the establishment of independent judicial system, the concrete system of modern criminal law, the application of concept, the establishment of modern criminal procedure system. The transitional form of the independent judiciary-the Judicial Office and the Judicial Office-finally formed the court system of the Xinjiang High Court, the Superior Court Branch, and the Local Court. On the side of the criminal law system, Xinjiang respected the central legal system. In the judicial trial, according to the legal system of the Beijing Government and the Nanjing National Government, the difficult cases were reported to the central judicial organs for explanation, and the death penalty was reported to the judicial organs for review. The Xinjiang judicial organs introduced the principles of modern criminal law in the trial of criminal cases. New changes have taken place in the judicial guiding ideology. The use of new criminal concepts, charge systems, and penal principles has promoted the modernization of criminal justice in Xinjiang. On the procedural side, the public prosecution system, the appeal system and the rules of evidence have been established. The use of causality promotes the modernization of criminal justice in Xinjiang. But under the influence of the political system, cultural tradition and social environment of Xinjiang at that time, the process of modernization of criminal justice was extremely incomplete. During the period of the Republic of China, the central government had no time to look west, Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren, The rulers such as Sheng Shicai monopolized power and arbitrarily interfered in the administration of justice. During the period of Yang Zengxin's rule, the administration of justice was both administratively and administratively administered, and all government offices had to review major criminal cases. The final decision to hear the case rests entirely in the hands of Yang Zengxin. Sheng Shicai, in order to realize dictatorship, has repeatedly launched a large-scale conspiracy and riot case, the legal norms have been completely trampled on, and the judicial process has been thoroughly destroyed. The judicial construction in Xinjiang was slow. During Yang Zengxin's ruling period, Yang Zengxin requested that the two departments of trial and procuratorate be postponed to implement both administrative and judicial functions. The High Court was not set up until 1929. After Sheng Shicai came to power in 1934, he proposed to strengthen judicial construction, but it took 10 years. Only 6 local courts, such as Dehua, were set up. On the eve of liberation, there were 79 county bureaus in Xinjiang Province, and only 21 local courts were set up. Where an independent judicial organ was not established, the administration and administration of justice were still in place. At the same time, there was a lack of judicial personnel. Professional quality is not high, the level of judicial work is low. As Xinjiang is a region inhabited by ethnic minorities, ethnic customary law and religious law still play a certain role in the criminal justice field. During the period of Yang Zengxin's rule, he implemented a national policy of containment and Jimi, in order to win over the upper strata of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. The criminal jurisdiction of Hami Hui King's religious Court was not abolished until 1934, when it was reorganized. In the judicial system of the district revolutionary government, religious courts were also established. The serfdom manor economy in many parts of southern Xinjiang remained until the liberation, with the acquiescence and connivance of the government, serf owners abused the lynchings of serfs, which made the criminal justice system of the Republic of Xinjiang unique.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929;D927;D925.2

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