晚清国籍问题与法律应对（1840-1911）

发布时间：2018-03-21 09:03

本文选题：国籍问题　切入点：法律应对　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1909年3月28日,清政府下令颁行《大清国籍条例》,开创了中国国籍立法的先河。此部国籍法的出台,是多种因素共同作用的结果。在晚清政府制定国籍法以前,中国古代历史上并不当然存在现代国籍法意义上的国籍概念,也正是由于国籍法的缺失,致使晚清社会出现了一系列复杂且混乱的国籍问题。海外华侨改归外籍、西北边疆少数民族加入外籍以及内地民人私自改籍,这些问题的存在,严重扰乱了基层社会管理秩序,造成基层官府管理上的困难。地方官员处理国籍问题时无法可依,因而在与西方驻华领事交涉时相当被动,外国领事从中横加干涉,损害中国司法主权。本文试图从晚清社会存在的一系列国籍问题入手,分析造成这些问题的原因以及统治者为解决这些问题而采取的对策,并在此基础上进一步探讨了清政府制定国籍法的历史条件。文章最后回归到《大清国籍条例》,在对该法律文本及其施行情况进行分析的过程中,揭示了晚清政府决心从西方引入国籍法律制度,制定《大清国籍条例》的价值与意义。从文章的结构上看,本文共分为三个部分,即引言、正文和结论。引言,在该部分笔者交代了选题意义,学术界对该问题的研究现状以及笔者写作本文时所依据的主要材料。正文,正文共分为四个问题。第一,晚清国籍问题凸现。在传统的中国社会,统治者主要依靠户籍制度管理人民,人民与国家之间的关系亦是通过户籍制度建立起来的。高度发达完备的户籍制度,足以满足统治的需要。鸦片战争后,随着华工出国合法化,出国人数急剧上升。如何管理海外华侨,使之永久效忠清政府,成为一个新问题摆在统治者的面前,国籍问题随即产生。这一时期的国籍问题,主要表现为四个方面即海外华侨被迫改籍、边疆少数民族改籍、内地民人私自改籍以及管理归侨的难题。第二,清政府的应对。统治者为解决国籍问题,采取了一些较有针对性的政策措施,由于受各种因素的干扰,这些政策措施没有充分发挥作用。第三,晚清国籍法的孕育。“国籍”作为西方法律文明的产物,对晚清统治者来说完全是一个规定国家与臣民之间关系的新名词。那么在清政府从西方全面引入国籍法律制度之前,中国古代历史上是否出现过相关法律规定?促使统治者接受西方国籍观念,决心制定国籍法的契机是什么?地方官员、驻外使臣以及民间学者对统治者态度的转变起到了怎样的作用? 第四,晚清国籍立法实践。在《大清国籍条例》正式出台以前,地方官员和驻外使臣处理国籍问题时,主要依据1868年中美之间签订的《蒲安臣条约》,但是实际处理结果并不理想。究其原因,在于中国自身缺乏一部国籍法。该部分的主要内容包括四个方面即《大清国籍条例》的制定过程、具体内容、施行情况及其对民国国籍法的影响。结论,在对全文进行总结的基础上,阐述了笔者对晚清国籍法律问题的几点认识。
[Abstract]:In March 28, 1909, the Qing government ordered the Qing nationality Ordinance enacted ", creating a legislative precedent. This China nationality nationality law, is the result of many factors. In the late Qing government before making the nationality law, Chinese ancient history does not exist on the law meaning of modern nationality nationality concept, it is also due to the lack of the nationality law in late Qing Dynasty, a series of complex and chaotic nationality. Overseas Chinese should be foreign, northwest frontier minority and joined the foreign inland people secretly changed nationality, the existence of these problems, seriously disrupting the order of social grass-roots management, resulting in the grass-roots government management difficult. Local officials to deal with the nationality problem to follow, so in the negotiations with the Western consulates quite passive, consular from interference, damage China judicial sovereignty. This article attempts from the late Qing Dynasty With a series of nationality problems, analyze the causes of these problems and Countermeasures to solve the problems of the rulers, and on this basis to further explore the Qing government enacted law of nationality historical conditions. Finally, return to the "Regulations on the nationality of Qing Dynasty, in the process of analyzing the text of the law and its implementation that reveals the late Qing government decided to introduce the nationality legal system from the west, the value and significance of making" Qing nationality Regulations >.
From the structure of the article, this article is divided into three parts, namely the introduction, the text and the conclusion.
In this part, the author explains the significance of the topic, the current status of the research in the academic circle and the main materials used by the author in this article.
Text, the text is divided into four problems.
First, highlight in the late Qing Dynasty nationality. In the traditional Chinese society, rulers rely mainly on the management of household registration system, the relationship between the people and the country is also set up by the household registration system. Highly developed and complete the household registration system, to meet the needs of the rule. After the Opium War, with the legalization of Chinese workers going abroad, the number of people going abroad increased dramatically. How to manage overseas, the Xiao Zhongqing administration made permanent, has become a new problem in the rulers before, nationality nationality problems ensue. During this period, mainly in four aspects: Overseas Chinese were forced to change nationality, minority nationality changed, the inland people secretly changed nationality and the problems of management of Returned Overseas Chinese.
Second, the Qing government's response. The rulers took some targeted policies and measures to solve the nationality problem. Because of the interference of various factors, these policies and measures did not play a full role.
Third, pregnant in late Qing Dynasty Nationality Law "nationality". As a product of western legal civilization, to the rulers of the late Qing Dynasty was a new term stipulated in the relationship between the state and the people. So before the Qing government introduced from the western nationality legal system, Chinese ancient history whether there have been relevant laws and regulations to accept Western rulers? What is the idea of nationality, to develop opportunity of the nationality law? Local officials, envoys and folk scholars changes on the attitude of the rulers played a role in what?
Fourth, in the late Qing Dynasty nationality legislative practice. Before the formal introduction of "Qing nationality Ordinance, local officials and envoys to deal with the nationality problem, signed" the Burlingame treaty between the United States and China in 1868 > main basis, but the actual result is not ideal. The reason lies in the lack of a Chinese nationality law. The main contents of the the part includes four aspects namely "Qing nationality Regulations > making process, contents, implementation and its impact on the nationality law.
The conclusion, on the basis of the summary of the full text, expounds the author's understanding of the legal issues of the nationality of the late Qing Dynasty.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929

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