布雷耶风险规制理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 08:06

本文选题：布雷耶　切入点：风险　出处：《重庆大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：斯蒂芬·布雷耶（Stephen Breyer）是美国联邦法院的大法官，曾是哈佛大学法学院行政法教授。他是美国最早从事规制研究的行政法学者之一，被公认为是美国行政法学和政府规制研究领域的主流学者。在其一系列著作中，他结合自己的司法实践，客观的评价了美国的风险规制体系，认为美国的风险规制体系存在着三大问题：余下“10%”的风险、风险规制次序的随意性、规制机构间的不一致。产生这三个体系性的问题的原因在于一个“恶性循环”。“恶性循环”包括三个方面的要素：公众的误解、国会的应答以及技术过程的不确定性，三者之间紧密相连，相互加强，导致风险规制资源的浪费。为了解决风险规制的困扰，布雷耶提出通过建立“集中化的风险规制机构的建议”来克服分散式风险规制的过度规制、不协调、效率低下、资源浪费等问题，提高风险规制的理性化和实效。论文介绍了布雷耶的生平经历，追述其风险规制理论形成的背景；继而归纳、阐释其理论的主要内容；最后剖析其理论的价值以及布雷耶对诘难的回应。论文主体有四大部分，按照体系化的问题、深层次的原因和解决方案展开。第一部分“风险与风险规制”对风险、规制以及风险规制等相关的基本概念在布雷耶的理论语境中进行界定。虽然布雷耶并没有对风险的概念加以明确界定，，但布雷耶着力论述了风险的广泛性和不确定性。第二部分“美国风险规制面临的困扰”阐释了布雷耶视野中美国风险规制过程中面临的余下“10%”风险的过度规制问题，风险规制议程的随意性，以及规制机构之间，风险项目之间的不一致问题。这三个问题一直困扰着美国的风险规制向更加有效的规制迈进的步伐。第三部分“困扰之原因：‘恶性循环’”记述了美国风险规制存在体系性困扰的原因。即公众对风险的认知、国会的回应与行动以及规制本身固有的不确定性。三个因素之间紧密相连，相互加强，形成了一个反应链条，布雷耶称之为“恶性循环”。第四部分“布雷耶的因应之道”，通过对风险规制存在的问题以及原因的分析，布雷耶提出解决的方案——“集中化的超级规制机构”。这种机构由懂得多个领域的知识和多部门工作经验的人员组成，具有相对的独立性，具有跨部门的权限和协调功能，整合风险规制资源，克服过度规制，从而达到削减风险，增加更多的健康和安全。布雷耶在构建自己的理论时，善于倾听不同的声音。他对已经出现的诘难和可能出现的诘难都做了自己的思考，并进行了一一回应。
[Abstract]:Stephen Breyer, a former professor of administrative law at Harvard Law School, is one of the first administrative law scholars in the United States to study regulation. He is recognized as the mainstream scholar in the field of administrative law and government regulation in the United States. In his series of works, he objectively evaluates the risk regulation system of the United States in combination with his own judicial practice. It is concluded that there are three major problems in the risk regulation system of the United States: the remaining "10%" risk, the randomness of the risk regulation order, The causes of these three systemic problems lie in a "vicious circle." the "vicious circle" consists of three elements: public misunderstanding, congressional response, and uncertainty about the technical process. The three are closely linked and strengthen each other, leading to the waste of risk regulation resources. Breyer put forward the suggestion of setting up "centralized risk regulation organization" to overcome the problems of excessive regulation, disharmony, inefficiency, waste of resources and so on, and to improve the rationalization and effectiveness of risk regulation. The paper introduces Breyer's life experience, recalls the background of the formation of his risk regulation theory, and then summarizes and explains the main contents of his theory. Finally, it analyzes the value of its theory and Breyer's response to heckling. There are four main parts in the thesis, which are carried out according to the systemic problems, the deep-seated causes and the solutions. The first part "risk and risk regulation" defines the basic concepts of risk, regulation and risk regulation in Breyer's theoretical context, although Breyer does not clearly define the concept of risk. But Breyer made great efforts to discuss the universality and uncertainty of risk. The second part, "the troubles of American risk regulation", explains the over-regulation of the remaining "10%" risk in Breyer's vision, the arbitrariness of the risk regulation agenda, and the relationship between the regulatory agencies. The inconsistency between risk items. These three problems have been puzzling the risk regulation in the United States to the pace of more effective regulation. The third part, "the cause of distress: vicious circle", describes the causes of systemic distress in risk regulation in the United States, that is, the public's perception of risk. Congress's response to the uncertainty inherent in action and regulation itself. The three factors are closely linked and mutually reinforcing, forming a chain of reactions that Breyer calls a "vicious circle." The fourth part, "the way of dealing with Breyer", analyzes the problems and causes of risk regulation. The solution proposed by Breyer is a "centralized super-regulatory body", which is composed of people with knowledge of multiple fields and multi-sectoral work experience, with relative independence, cross-sectoral competence and coordination functions. Integrating risk regulation resources, overcoming excessive regulation, thereby reducing risk and increasing health and safety. He was good at listening to different voices. He thought about both the heckles that had occurred and the possible ones, and responded to them one by one.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.1

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