美国刑事错案成因研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 22:02

本文选题：美国　切入点：错案　出处：《西南大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：刑事错案是刑事司法活动中客观存在的一种现象,中国和西方都对其有所研究。虽然无法得知现在是否正在发生、发现错案,将来是否还会发生或者发现错案,这是社会科学上的“暗数”,但能够追踪分析、评价已经发现的历史上的错案。笔者收集和分析了大量统计资料和案例,梳理了美国刑事错案和刑案致错相关研究的概况；对共同成因和辩诉交易中错案的特殊成因进行了系统的阐述；并进一步探讨了美国对诸多致错因素的控制手段。在认真考察和深度分析美国刑事错案成因和防控机制之后,不难看出实践中的当事人主义的刑事诉讼程序中依然存在许多非中立、非理性、不平等的因素,并非都实现了宪法至尊至上的权威和维护了正当程序；当事人主义刑事诉讼模式并不完全是“宁可错放十个罪犯也不误判一个无辜”。当我们深入到“刑事错案”领域,研究美国一桩桩错案从如何暗暗发生、惯性推进,到艰难纠正的完整过程后,就豁然明了：每种刑事司法制度的优点可能相同或不同,但每种刑事司法制度的缺陷却惊人相似。对当事人主义刑事诉讼模式的某种迷信应予破除。美国法学界对刑事错案的研究角度和研究方法之于中国法学界仍颇富启示意义：①可将研究视野和研究方法突破单一刑事司法的范围和路径,从传统的刑法和刑事诉讼角度研究刑事错案问题,转向从社会学、犯罪学、刑事政策学、社会控制理论乃至警察学、检察官学和司法伦理学、被害人学等等方面,综合研究刑事错案的发生、演变和救济；②从注重错案的个案特征和一般性成因、救济方式的分析,转到注视刑事司法制度乃至国家的政治因素对错案形成及救济的深刻影响；③刑事错案研究有可能逐步成为一门相对独立的学科,一如被害人学的成长一样。在美国,刑事错案研究已经有比较完整的逻辑体系,从研究对象、理论阐释框架到政策分析,都自成体系。当然,在中国,刑事错案研究亦很可能如同在美国,它将与整个刑事司法控制问题研究相结合,并展开自己的理论和实践功能。相应的,中国不应盲目期望西方的司法制度包治百病,而应重视自身的社会文化和历史底蕴,从长期存在的哲学价值追求中去呼吸新生的起点,并在此基础之上思考刑事司法制度的改良机制。简言之,当事人主义刑事诉讼虽然是人类法治文明的代表之一,但是并非尽善尽美,并不天然就是榜样。美国刑事司法的难题,就是在继续保障基本公正的前提下如何提高效率,更好的保障人权,不出错案。保障无辜者不受刑事追究,不错判、错关、错杀,是中美刑事司法共同面临的问题,绝不是中国独有的问题。中美刑事司法既有各自的问题,也有共同难题；解决的路径必定各不相同,指望“中西合璧”不必要也不可行。
[Abstract]:Criminal malpractice is an objective phenomenon in criminal justice activities, which is studied by both China and the West. Although it is impossible to know whether it is happening or not, whether it will happen or not in the future. This is the "dark number" in social science, but can track and analyze and evaluate the historical error cases that have been found. The author collects and analyzes a large number of statistical data and cases, and combs the general situation of the related research on the criminal error and criminal error in the United States; This paper systematically expounds the common cause and the special cause of error in plea bargaining, and further probes into the control means of many wrong factors in the United States. After careful investigation and in-depth analysis of the causes and prevention and control mechanism of criminal error cases in the United States, it is not difficult to see that there are still many non-neutral, irrational and unequal factors in the criminal procedure of party doctrine in practice. Not all of them have achieved the authority of the supremacy of the Constitution and upheld due process; the criminal procedure model of party doctrine is not entirely "better to misplace ten criminals than to misjudge an innocent person." when we go deep into the field of "criminal error," After studying how a wrong case in the United States occurs in the dark, in inertia, and in a complete process of hard correction, it becomes clear that the advantages of each criminal justice system may be the same or different. However, the defects of each criminal justice system are surprisingly similar. The angle and method of the research on criminal error cases in the American legal circles are still quite enlightening to the Chinese legal circles, which can break through the scope and path of the single criminal judicature from the perspective of research and research methods. From the perspective of traditional criminal law and criminal procedure, the study of criminal error cases has shifted from sociology, criminology, criminal policy theory, social control theory to even police science, procuratorial science and judicial ethics, victim science and so on. A comprehensive study of the occurrence, evolution and relief of criminal misdemeanors from the perspective of the case characteristics and general causes, and the analysis of relief methods, Turning to the profound influence of the political factors in the criminal justice system and even the country on the formation and remedy of misdemeanours the study of criminal misdemeanours is likely to gradually become a relatively independent discipline, just as the victimology has grown. In the United States, There is a relatively complete logic system in the research of criminal error cases, from the object of study, the framework of theoretical interpretation to the analysis of policy. Of course, in China, as in the United States, the study of criminal error cases is likely to be combined with the entire study of criminal justice control, and to develop its own theoretical and practical functions. China should not blindly expect the western judicial system to cure all diseases, but should attach importance to its own social culture and historical details, and breathe the starting point of a new life from the long-existing pursuit of philosophical value. On the basis of this, the author thinks about the improvement mechanism of criminal justice system. In short, although litigant criminal proceedings are one of the representatives of human civilization of the rule of law, they are not perfect, nor are they natural role models. That is, under the premise of continuing to guarantee basic justice, how to improve efficiency, better protect human rights and not go wrong in criminal cases. Protecting innocent people from criminal prosecution, not misjudging, wrong customs, wrong killing, is a common problem that China and the United States face in criminal justice. Criminal justice in China and the United States have their own problems as well as common problems, and the paths to solve them must be different, so it is not necessary or feasible to expect the "Chinese and Western elements" to be combined.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D971.2;D915.3

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