论德沃金法哲学中的“政策”

发布时间：2018-03-27 19:13

本文选题：德沃金　切入点：整体性阐释理论　出处：《南京师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：德沃金深受西方自由主义熏陶,并且积极投身普通法的实践,在对因袭主义和实用主义的批判中,于20世纪60年代提出了整体性法律阐释理论。首先,法律是一种阐释性的概念。德沃金认为立法者和法官应通过建设性的阐释实现法律的整体性。建设性阐释可分为前阐释阶段、阐释阶段和后阐释阶段,阐释过程不可避免要加上阐释者的信念,保证建设性阐释的客观性的关键就在于阐释者与阐释对象之间存在着一种内在张力,即阐释的性质制约着法官的阐释,协力促成整体性的实现。其次,整体性法律是德沃金的理论范式：整体性法律的效力来源是政治整体性美德；整体性法律包括立法整体性法律原则和审判整体性法律原则；整体性法律的核心在于保障个人权利；整体性法律的目的是为了实现一个道德共同体,即整体性使政治美德与社会道德相融合,使得政治需要和个人需要在道德社会中相辅相成,互为补充。 “政策”是规定一个必须实现的关于社会的某些经济、政治或社会问题的改善的目标。“政策”是一个旨在追求社会整体普遍利益的实现和增进目标的陈述,但财富和效率不是独立的法价值。“政策”生来具有实用主义的特性,但实用主义受到重重限制：“政策”受到“原则”的限制,“政策”必须以“原则”为底线和基础,不能超越和突破“原则”；实用主义最终的目标是建立在保障个人权益基础上的“整体主义”,但这个“整体主义”的完美形式是建立在每个个人权益增长的基础上实现的社会整体利益的增长。在德沃金对法律实证主义的批判的过程中,“政策”所发挥的作用主要在于以其自身的存在这个事实突破哈特的“规则模式”。“政策”显著区别于“规则”的特征,迫使人们必须承认“政策”与“规则”的显著差异,也使人们不得不承认“政策”是作为一种独立于“规则”的法律的其他表现形式而存在的。在德沃金批判功利的法律实用主义的过程中,“政策”是德沃金批判法律实用主义的标靶,同时,也是中和个性鲜明的权利和贯彻德沃金整体性法律理念的有力武器。德沃金反对以赛亚·伯林的价值独立论,认为“完整的法律”的哲学基础——诸道德价值的“完美整体”,即一定存在一个空间,可以使价值和谐共生。德沃金认为必须对宪法进行道德解读,即指面对疑难案件时,法官、律师等司法工作人员(主要是法官)应当本着维护和实现法律正义的原则,从立法者当时的意图出发(即要根据特定的历史背景进行解释),对法律(主要是宪法或包含抽象道德原则的规范的法律)进行阐释。德沃金始终关注法律中的政治因素,对于他而言,道德具有政治内涵。政治价值是整体的而非分离的。而合法性就是他找到的政治价值。通过合法性,德沃金就成功的将政治与道德相互联系起来了,在德沃金的设想里,他最终希望通过合法性来无限接近政治价值的完整性,以期最终达到法律的完美整体。德沃金赞同的是自由主义平等观,主要依赖的是伦理学个人主义的两个基本原则。“政策”是资源平等理论防范的焦点也是实现工具。“政策”非法律三要素之一。将德沃金的法律内涵界定为三要素本身是存在误解的。“政策”增强了法律的功能性上的完整性。自由主义平等观是“政策”理论实现的理论铺垫；资源平等分配和补偿方案是“政策”理论实现的经济基础；宪政主义是“政策”理论实现的制度支撑。通过选择立法委员、拟草案、测试社会效应、答疑修改、送审、通过公布等环节,“政策”最终被制定。制定好的“政策”对司法、执法、守法等法律施行的各个方面都产生了影响。此外,在法律实践中,必须弄清“政策”与其他标准的区别：首先,与“原则”相比,“政策”在产生方式、目的、规定内容、存续时间、衰退方式、稳定性、与道德的关系、作用方式以及在司法判决中的地位等方面有着显著的不同；其次,与“规则”相较,“政策”在适用方式、内容侧重点和针对性以及存续时间存在差异。
[Abstract]:The author puts forward the theory of holistic legal interpretation in the 1960s . First , the law is an explanatory concept .
The integrity law includes the legal principles of legislation integrity and the principle of integrity of trial .
The core of the integrity law is to guarantee the individual ' s rights ;
The aim of integrity law is to achieve a moral community , that is , the integration of political virtue and social morality , so that political needs and individuals need to complement each other in the moral community and complement each other .

" Policy " is the goal of providing an improvement of certain economic , political or social problems that must be achieved . " Policy " is a statement aimed at the realization and promotion of the general interests of society , but wealth and efficiency are not independent legal values .
The ultimate goal of pragmatism is to establish " globalism " on the basis of guaranteeing individual rights and interests , but the perfect form of this " whole doctrine " is the growth of the whole social benefit realized on the basis of the growth of each individual ' s equity .

In the process of deworkin ' s criticism of legal positivist , the role of " policy " lies mainly in the breakthrough of Hart ' s " regular pattern " in its own existence . " Policy " is obviously different from the " rules " , forcing people to admit that the " policy " and " rule " exist .

By virtue of the principle of upholding and realizing the legal justice , the political value is a whole rather than separated .

The theory of equality of liberalism is the theoretical spreading of the theory of " policy " ;
The resource equity allocation and compensation scheme is the economic foundation realized by " policy " theory ;
Constitutionalism is the institutional support of the theory of " policy " . By selecting the legislative committee , the proposed draft , the test of the social effect , the question of amendment , the review and the adoption of the publication , the " policy " is finally formulated . In the practice of law , the difference between the policy and other standards must be clarified : firstly , the policy is different from the " principle " in the way of generation , purpose , content , survival time , decline mode , stability , relationship with morality , mode of action and status in judicial decision ;
Secondly , compared with the Rules , the " policy " is in the applicable way , the focus of the content and the pertinence and the existence of the survival time .

【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D90

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