美国被追诉人刑事法律权利保护研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 11:48

本文选题：美国被追诉人权利　切入点：宪法母法性　出处：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：被追诉人权利保护源起于英美法系，又以美国最为典型，美国被追诉人权利保护法律制度的不断发展，对尊重人权，保护被追诉人合法权利不受侵害的世界性趋势具有促进作用。因此，将美国被追诉人刑事法律权利保护制度的优势，结合我国实际进行比较分析，从而达到完善我国被追诉人刑事法律权利保护制度的目的，具有深远意义。本文主要从以下几方面对此进行论述：第一部分，被追诉人权利概述。卢梭曾说：“人是生而自由，但却又无往不在枷锁中。”可见权利对于人们的重要性，因此，我们首先要对权利的基础、价值进行分析，并对被追诉人权利的内涵进行阐述。然后，说明被追诉人权利是由自然法理论中的人权以及宪法所赋予的。最后，将被追诉人权利进行实体法与程序法权利、刑事法与宪法权利的分类。第二部分，美国被追诉人刑事法律权利与宪法依据。我们从权利在美国法律中的布局谈起，说明限制公权力以及对被追诉人权利保护的重要性，并阐述美国刑事法律对被追诉人权利的规定与宪法不可分离。因为，宪法是国家根本大法，发挥着宪法母性作用，将美国刑事法律对被追诉人权利的保护已上升至宪法化，这主要体现在美国的权利法案与美国联邦宪法第十四修正案之中。第三部分，美国刑法的被追诉人权利保护。这里我们从五个方面对美国被追诉人权利的刑法保护进行介绍。第一，排除事后法。美国联邦宪法禁止联邦政府及各州政府颁布追溯既往的法律；第二，剥夺公民权利。美国联邦宪法禁止联邦政府及各州政府颁布剥夺公民权利的法案，并且在很多州的宪法中也同样做出了类似的至少一项或两项这样的规定；第三，平等保护。如果法官对被追诉人不公平的持有偏见，那么，审判的进行就会是不公平的。自联邦宪法第五修正案以及第十四条修正案颁布以后，无偏见审判的概念就深深地嵌入了美国的法律和司法工作人员的职业信条中；第四，隐私权。隐私权是美国宪法中的一个重要概念，同样也是民事侵权行为法的概念。如果某些人或事物给他人带来了精神上的困扰，此时可以称之为侵权，这个时候对隐私权的保护则显得尤为重要；第五，禁止残酷刑。联邦宪法第八修正案规定：“额外的保释，以及额外的惩罚费用都是不允许的，残酷、不正常的刑法手段也是一样的。”这种对于残酷、不正常惩戒手段的禁止已经美国司法中的一条通用的制度。除了康乃迪克州和佛蒙特州，每个州都有相似条款。第四部分，美国刑事诉讼法的被追诉人权利保护。这里我们从九个方面对美国被追诉人保护的刑事诉讼法权利进行介绍。第一，获得律师帮助的权利。美国联邦宪法第六修正案规定：“被追诉人有获得律师帮助的权利。”这包括聘请律师的权利和法院为贫困被追诉人指定律师的义务；第二，禁止一案再审原则。美国联邦最高法院曾作出过决定，一案不再审不仅在联邦具有司法权的范围内有效，在各州也同样普遍适用。当然，这样规定的前提是在一个行政单位的范围内，即同在联邦具有司法权的范围内或者在同一州的行政范围内；第三，尊重人格。在刑事诉讼过程中尊重个人尊严的正当理由在于，根据社会契约的内在要求，所有人都有受到政府对其尊严尊重的权利。另外，基于刑罚的严厉性、刑事诉讼对被追诉人社会地位减损的可能性和社会公愤等因素，在刑事诉讼程序中确保对个人尊严的尊重，是尊重个人自由与遵守社会法制的必要条件。尊重个人尊严对于使公众接受诉讼程序，尊重法律裁决具有重要意义；第四，非法证据排除。在美国非法证据排除规则是为了维护特定法律价值以及公民宪法基本权利而创设的规则。这一规则与美国的宪法息息相关，美国联邦宪法第四修正案规定的不受无理搜查和扣押的权利、第五修正案规定的不受强迫自证其罪的权利、第六修正案规定的获得律师帮助的权利以及第十四修正案规定的“正当法律程序”，直接或者间接因侵犯以上宪法性权利所获得的证据，皆可能为该规则所施用之对象；第五，禁止自证其罪。禁止自证其罪是宪法赋予被追诉人的一项基本权利。被追诉人没有证明自己是清白或有罪的责任。相反，这是正应该是司法部门的职责，证明司法部门的猜疑；第六，知情权。美国联邦宪法第六修正案规定了在所有刑事指控中，受指控一方拥有被告知所受指控的性质和理由的权利。各州宪法具有相似规定，并通常用几乎完全相同的词语表述出来，一些甚至更加明确易懂；第七，迅速审判。联邦宪法第六修正案规定保证针对被追诉人进行的所有审判都是迅速、公开的，并且，在全美四十一个州都有类似的法律规定，其余的州也以庭上决定等方式确保了被追诉人的这项权利；第八，关于逮捕、搜查及扣押人身、住所和文件。美国联邦宪法第四修正案规定了拒绝非法逮捕的权利，，每个人都具有拒绝非法逮捕的权利，而且为防止此类对人身自由的非法限制，必要的情况下公民可以使用武力。另外，美国宪法第四修正案规定：“公民的人身，住所，文件和财产不受非法搜查、扣押的权利不容侵犯。除非基于合理根据，受宣誓或附誓证言支持，并具体说明搜查地点和被扣押的人或物的情况，否则搜查令不得签发”；第九，无罪推定原则。美国宪法修正案中的正当程序条款要求，不得在证明有罪之前推定任何人有罪，简单地说任何人在未经证实及判决有罪之前，应视其无罪。无罪推定所强调的是对返祖日恩所指控的罪行，必须有充分、确凿、有效的证据，如果审判中不能证明其有罪，就应推定其无罪。第五部分，美国被追诉人刑事法律权利保护的比较分析。通过比较分析的方法总结美国被追诉人刑事法律权利保护制度的优势，其特点主要表现为宪法贯彻性、保护平等性、保护全面性、理念贯穿性，体现出美国对被追诉人刑事法律权利保护是通过宪法化、平等化、全面化以及人权理念贯彻化的法律进行规定的。以此与我国实际相结合，得出两国的相同点与不同点，从中看出两国在被追诉人权利的布局以及宪法母法性等方面的不同，我国在被追诉人权利保护的法律规定上还有一定的不足，因此，我国应分别运用宪法与人权的基本精神，实体法与程序法的规定对被追诉人权利保护进行多元协调的规制与完善。第六部分，我国被追诉人刑事法律权利保护的完善。我们通过上文的比较分析，对我国被追诉人刑事法律权利的完善提出建议，阐述说明对于我国被追诉人权利刑事法律的完善应该多元协调，平衡各方面利益，保证宪法的母法性，维护人权的基本要求，并从实体与程序两方面入手，具体提出对我国被追诉人权利保护制度的完善建议。
[Abstract]:From the following aspects , this article mainly discusses the following aspects :

In the first part , the author ' s rights are summarized . " People are born free , but they don ' t go to the chains . " The visible rights are of importance to people . Therefore , we should first analyze the rights and the connotation of the rights of the accused . Then , the author points out that the right of the person to be prosecuted is given by the human rights in the theory of natural law and the constitution . Finally , the author ' s right to be prosecuted is divided into substantive law and procedural law right , criminal law and constitutional right .

In the second part , the United States is prosecuted for criminal legal rights and constitutional grounds . We discuss the importance of restricting the public power and the protection of the rights of the prosecuted person from the layout of the rights in the law of the United States . The constitution is the fundamental law of the State and plays a constitutional mother role , and the protection of the rights of the prosecuted person has risen to the constitution , which is mainly reflected in the United States Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States .

In the third part , U.S . criminal law is protected by the prosecution ' s rights . Here we introduce the protection of the criminal law of the right to be prosecuted in the United States from five aspects . First , to rule out the post - law . The Federal Constitution of the United States prohibits the federal government and the state governments to enact retroactive laws ;
Second , denial of citizenship . The Federal Constitution of the United States prohibits the federal government and state governments to enact laws that deprive citizens of civil rights and , in many states ' constitutions , also make similar at least one or two such provisions ;
Third , equal protection . If a judge has a bias against the person being prosecuted , the conduct of the trial would be unfair . After the enactment of the Fifth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and the amendment to the 14th Amendment , the concept of unbiased trial was deeply embedded in the professional tenets of the United States law and judicial staff ;
Fourth , the right to privacy is an important concept in the American constitution , and it is also the concept of civil tort law . If some people or things bring spiritual troubles to others , it can be called torts . At this time , it is especially important to protect the right to privacy .
Fifthly , the brutal sentence is prohibited . The Eighth Amendment to the Federal Constitution provides that " additional bail - out , as well as additional penalties , are not allowed , cruel and irregular criminal means are the same . " This prohibition of cruel , non - normal disciplinary measures has been a common system in the administration of justice in the United States .

Part IV . Protection of the rights of the accused in the United States Code of Criminal Procedure . Here we introduce the rights of the criminal procedure law that the United States has sought to protect from nine aspects . First , the right to legal assistance is obtained . The Sixth Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States provides that " the accused has the right to obtain a lawyer ' s help . " This includes the right of a lawyer and the obligation of the court to appoint a lawyer for the person against whom poverty is prosecuted ;
Second , the principle of re - examination of a case is prohibited . The Supreme Court of the United States has made a decision that the case is no longer valid not only in the context of federal jurisdiction , but also in the states . Of course , the premise is within the scope of an administrative unit , i.e . within the jurisdiction of the Federation or within the administrative scope of the same state ;
Third , respect for personality . The legitimate reason for respecting personal dignity during criminal proceedings lies in that , according to the inherent requirement of social contract , all people have the right to respect the dignity of individual . In addition , it is necessary to ensure respect for personal dignity in the procedure of criminal procedure based on the inherent requirement of social contract .
Fourth , illegal evidence is ruled out . The rule of unlawful evidence exclusion in the United States is established in order to safeguard the specific legal value and the fundamental rights of the citizen ' s constitution . This rule is closely related to the constitution of the United States , and the fourth amendment of the Federal Constitution of the United States is not subject to the right of unreasonable search and seizure , the right to obtain the assistance provided by the fifth amendment , and the " due process " provided for in the fourteenth amendment , all of which may be subject to the rule ;
Fifthly , the crime of self - incrimination is prohibited . It is a fundamental right that the constitution gives the person to be prosecuted . The prosecuted person does not prove that he is innocent or guilty . On the contrary , it is the duty of the judiciary to prove the suspicion of the judiciary ;
Sixth , right to know . The Sixth Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States provides the right to be informed of the nature and the grounds of the allegations in all criminal charges . The State Constitution has similar provisions and is usually expressed in almost identical terms , some even more clearly understandable ;
Seventh , a speedy trial . The Sixth Amendment of the Federal Constitution provides that all trials conducted against the accused are promptly and openly , and that there are similar legal provisions in forty - one states in the United States , and that the rest of the state ensures the right of the person to be prosecuted in a manner such as a court decision ;
8 . With regard to the arrest , search and seizure of persons , houses and documents , the Fourth Amendment to the Federal Constitution of the United States provides for the right to refuse unlawful arrest , each of which has the right to refuse unlawful arrest and , in order to prevent such unlawful restrictions on the liberty of persons , the right of citizens to use force is not infringed .
9 . The principle of presumption of innocence . The due process clauses in the amendment to the Constitution of the United States require that no person be presumed innocent until proven guilty , simply saying that no person should be innocent until proven and convicted . The presumption of innocence emphasizes the need for adequate , conclusive and effective evidence of the crimes charged to the date of return , and that it should be presumed innocent if it is not proven guilty .

The fifth part , the comparative analysis of the protection of the legal rights of the accused in the United States . Through the comparative analysis , the author summarizes the advantages of the legal rights protection system in the United States .

In the sixth part , the author makes some suggestions on the perfection of the criminal legal rights of the prosecuted person in our country through the comparative analysis of the above - mentioned comparative analysis , and expounds that the perfection of the criminal law of the right of prosecution in our country should be multi - coordinated , balanced the interests of all parties , guarantee the mother - law of the constitution , safeguard the basic requirements of human rights , and begin with the two aspects of the entity and procedure , and put forward some suggestions for the perfection of the protection system of the person ' s rights in China .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915.3

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