试论清末选官制度改革

发布时间：2018-04-09 07:47

本文选题：清末　切入点：选官制度　出处：《内蒙古大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：古代中国的统治阶级为了强化自身的统治效力,在选官入仕的途径上创造出多种模式。我国的选官制度源于先秦,于隋唐时期得以创新,在明清朝代趋于成熟。其中科举制度的出现,展现出当时社会政治文明的发达,以及制度设计之精巧。然而,随着外国列强的入侵,鸦片战争的结束,中国自给自足的封建经济的解体,政治的腐朽,西方先进文化,观念的输入,传统的选官制度逐渐丧失了生命力。满清政府迫于内忧外患的压力,最终决定着手传统选官制度改革,重新确立较为完善的人才选拔制度。科举制度的废止,取而代之的是学堂选官、留学生选官、议员选举的出现。新的官制体系得以完善,职业官选任开始成型。考试内容、方式的突破都为晚清政府在当时的社会大环境下选拔出一批急需的人才。然而,晚清的政府选官制度的改革并不像其宣扬的那样彻底,创新的同时亦然固守很多旧有的制度,致使任人唯贤与任人唯亲、唯财的冲突成为清末选官制度改革最为显著的特点。强化中央集权的思想自始自终贯穿了选官制度改革的整个过程。新旧交织,职责不明,急功近利的现状使得清末选官制度改革从内部破坏清末政治制度,动摇了其统治之根基,加之统治阶层内部腐化严重,存在于封建社会由内至外最根源性,体制性的诟病导致选官制度改革最初目的和实际结果的大相径庭,并最终走向失败。现代的我们在回顾清末选官制度改革的同时,既要从整体上看出其在整个历史进程中先进的一面,又要从改革的环节中挖掘出落后的,与社会发展不相符的一面。通过仔细研究清末选官制度改革中的积极要素、规律,为现代的官员选任制度提供借鉴,进而推动我国公务员制度与干部人事制度改革顺利进行。
[Abstract]:In order to strengthen their own ruling effect, the ruling class in ancient China created a variety of models in the way of selecting officials for office.The system of selecting officials in China originated from the pre-Qin Dynasty and was innovated in the Sui and Tang dynasties and matured in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Among them, the emergence of imperial examination system, showing the development of social and political civilization at that time, as well as the delicate design of the system.However, with the invasion of foreign powers, the end of the Opium War, the disintegration of China's self-sufficient feudal economy, the decay of politics, the import of advanced western culture and ideas, the traditional system of selecting officials gradually lost its vitality.Under the pressure of internal and external troubles, the Manchu government finally decided to reform the traditional official selection system and re-establish a more perfect talent selection system.The abolition of the imperial examination system was replaced by the election of school officials, foreign students and members of parliament.The new official system was perfected and the selection and appointment of professional officials began to take shape.The breakthrough of examination contents and methods was the selection of a group of badly needed talents by the late Qing government under the social environment at that time.However, the reform of the system of selecting officials in the late Qing Dynasty was not as thorough as it preached, and at the same time, innovation also adhered to many old systems, resulting in the appointment of meritocracy and cronyism.The conflict of only money became the most prominent feature of the reform of the system of selecting officials in the late Qing Dynasty.The thought of strengthening centralization runs through the whole process of the system reform.The new and old intertwined, the duty is not clear, the present situation of eager success and instant benefit causes the reform of the official election system in the late Qing Dynasty to destroy the political system of the late Qing Dynasty from the inside, and shake the foundation of its rule, in addition, the internal corruption of the ruling class is serious.Existing in the feudal society from the inside to outside the most root, the system of criticism led to the original purpose of the reform of the official election system and the actual results of the major differences, and finally to failure.When we look back on the reform of the system of selecting officials in the late Qing Dynasty, we should not only see its advanced side in the whole process of history, but also dig out the backward side from the link of the reform, which is inconsistent with the social development.Through careful study of the positive elements and rules in the reform of the system of selecting officials in the late Qing Dynasty, this paper provides a reference for the modern system of selecting and appointing officials, and then promotes the reform of the civil service system and the cadre and personnel system of our country to proceed smoothly.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D929

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