论霍布斯“自然法”理论的逻辑

发布时间：2018-04-10 09:43

本文选题：自然状态　切入点：自然法　出处：《南京师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：霍布斯“自然法”理论是指在《法律要义》、《论公民》和《利维坦》中霍布斯提出来的一系列个人由原初的自然状态进入政治社会所必须要遵循的规则所形成的理论。在这三部著作中的“自然法”是连接个人与国家的纽带,也是主权国家权力结构的蓝图。在经历英国内战以及自身理论完善之后,霍布斯对自由的概念有了不同认识,即从认为处于主权国家中的个人只需要保存自己的必要自由,主权者可以任意剥夺其他自由;之后发现公民自由的新元素,即主权者的法律没有禁止的行为就是自由;到最后认为限制自由的只是外在的障碍,由内在恐惧而产生的障碍并不能限制公民自由。而霍布斯“自然法”理论也经由《法律要义》的雏形,《论公民》的发展成型,以及《利维坦》中的最终完善。在《利维坦》中霍布斯认为个人平等的天赋能力以及自利的天性造就了人类最初的自然状态,但自然状态的特点却是孤独、贫困、卑污残忍而短寿的人人为战的状态,这种状态显然与个人趋利避害的理性相违背。因此,霍布斯以自然状态为出发点,以自然状态下人的恐惧和理性为基础创立“自然法”,并以“自然法”为手段将自然状态下的个人转变成政治社会的公民。为符合人趋利避害的理性以及个人天赋能力的平等,霍布斯将“自然法”体系分为四个部分,这四个部分的自然法前后相互推演,以首要自然法为原则组成有机体。首先,首要自然法确定整个自然法体系的原则为摆脱自然状态为目的寻求和平信守和平;其次,是以“契约”自然法为手段建立契约形成人与人之间的和平共同体,为了确保契约得到遵守霍布斯在契约自然法中引入了政治社会的道德基础,并对正义的概念进行诠释以及引入社会性规则让共同体中的人们可以更加合群;再次,在通过“契约”建立共同体后霍布斯将“平等”的理论引入自然法确定共同体中人与人之间的平等关系,并在此基础上实现个人之间权利的平等;自然法的最后一部分是关于“公断人”的规定,借助“公断人”自然法霍布斯将公权力归于主权者并完成建立政治国家的蓝图。在完成由自然状态向政治社会的转变之后,“自然法”内在理论逻辑的影响(除霍布斯的宗教神学观外)主要有两个方面,一方面是由“自然法”而产生代表,并通过代表之一制度最终形成了集所有让渡权利于一身让所有人都恐惧的单一人格的主权者即“伟大利维坦”。另一方面,霍布斯将自然法与民约法相分离,指出与自然法不同民约法是主权者制定的法律,正是这一理论启示了之后的分析实证法学派学者,并且直到现在仍有不少学者认为其理论属于分析实证法学派;但是之后霍布斯又将自然法与民约法合并,并指自然法是对主权者制定的民约法的不足的补充,这也是霍布斯的理论被学界认定为属于自然法学派的主要原因。
[Abstract]:Hobbes'"natural law" theory refers to a series of rules that Hobbes must follow when he enters the political society from the original natural state in the main points of Law, on Citizen and Leviathan.The natural law in these three works is the link between individual and state and the blueprint of sovereign state power structure.After the British Civil War and the perfection of his own theory, Hobbes had a different understanding of the concept of freedom, that is, from the view that the individual in the sovereign state only needs to preserve his necessary freedom, the sovereign can arbitrarily deprive other freedoms;After that, it was found that the new element of civil liberties, that is, the actions not prohibited by the sovereign, was freedom; at last, what restricted freedom was only external obstacles, and the obstacles caused by internal fears could not restrict civil liberties.Hobbes' theory of natural law was formed by the rudiments of the meaning of Law, the development of Citizen, and the perfection of Leviathan.Hobbes believes in Leviathan that the natural state of man was created by the natural ability and self-interest of the individual, but the state of nature was characterized by loneliness, poverty, cruelty, and a state of war for all men and women.This state of affairs is obviously contrary to the rationality of the individual seeking advantages and avoiding harm.Therefore, Hobbes took the natural state as the starting point, established the "natural law" on the basis of human's fear and reason under the natural state, and transformed the individual under the natural state into the citizen of the political society by means of the "natural law".In order to ensure that the contract is respected, Hobbes introduces the moral foundation of political society in contract natural law, and interprets the concept of justice and introduces social rules so that people in the community can be more together.After the establishment of the Community through the contract, Hobbes introduced the theory of "equality" into the natural law to determine the equal relationship between human beings in the Community, and on this basis realized the equality of rights among individuals.After the transition from the natural state to the political society, the influence of the inherent theoretical logic of "natural law" (except Hobbes' religious theology) mainly has two aspects. On the one hand, it is represented by "natural law".The great Leviathan was finally formed by one of the representatives.On the other hand, Hobbes separates the natural law from the civil covenant law, and points out that the civil covenant law is the law made by the sovereign, and it is this theory that enlightens the scholars of the analytical positivist law school.However, Hobbes later merged the natural law with the civil law, and pointed out that the natural law was a supplement to the civil law made by the sovereign.This is also the main reason why Hobbes' theory is regarded by scholars as belonging to the school of natural law.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D90

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