中国近代检察权的创设与演变

发布时间：2018-04-20 21:18

本文选题：中国 + 近代　；参考：《西南政法大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：清末至国民政府时期,国家命运多桀、政局变动剧烈,制宪运动波澜壮阔、此起彼伏。就其实质来讲,除了国运操控者的政治野心和权力构建外,还有“中国式”宪政命运的涌推、验行、纷乱甚至抗争。在这一宪政的演进历程中,中国近代检察权在清廷司法改制的帷幕下,以一种新的权力形态登上了历史的舞台,开启了第一次权力本土化试验之旅。至此,中国近代检察权的命运就与近代宪政的演进历程相伴而生,受制于国家层面权力的整体布设与指陈。当然,中国近代检察权在这一权力演变历程中,权力的边界具有一定的变动性和主动性,能够应对情势,在权力结构和权力类型上灵活变通,这也是不言而喻的。本文以清末至民国时期的中国近代检察权的权力创设与演变为研究对象,力图以在国家宪政模式的多变背景下探讨检察权在国家层面的权力配置及权力全景为分析主线,揭示权力演变主旨中的宪政意义,以探寻历史深藏的启示。文章分为五章,依次展开。导论部分,阐明了本文的研究主旨和选题缘由,回顾和梳理了本论题的相关研究成果,指出了本论文选题的理论价值,并对本论文所采用的研究方法进行了表述。第一章,近代检察权的初创。本章在君主立宪进程中从司法改制和外收法权两个维度对近代检察权创设的时代背景进行了探讨。对新设的检察体制采行日本检制模式的原因、检察体制确立的过程以及检察权的基本权力形态等进行了专门研究。特别是对君主立宪制下检察权的权力配置、权力性质进行了考辩。本章还对初创期检察权的权力模式的引入标准、权力划分和权力运行状况以及检察权在清末法制变革中的作用进行了阐释和评价。但遗憾的是,方兴未艾的清末检察权及其制度载体,伴随着武昌革命风暴的疾行和清王朝封建帝制的覆灭,将清末初创期检察权的演进带至了民国。第二章,近代检察权的重置。本章对民初宪政体制的演进和司法体制的变化进行了研究。指出共和宪制下三权分立的权力结构模式,成为制约重置期检察权权力配置和权力概貌的权力张本。本章对民初检察体制的重大变动事项如初级检察厅的裁撤、军事检察权的初现、检察权权力行使的行政化倾向、检察权的地方化进行了专门研究。也对检察体制的其他相关性变动因素如检察机构和人员配置的变动、检察人才的培养等进行了分析和探讨。这些方面的内容,有些是关涉检察权在宪政层面的权力配置、权力性质等的认知和评价,有些对权力的运转和施行密不可分,成为研究必须关注的事项。本章还对重置期检察权的职权变动、权力性质扩张以及权力行政性因素的增强等进行了研究。对权力性质在国家立法层面和司法实际运转中进行了探讨,得出了自己的研究结论。本章还对民初检察权进行了评价,从宪政进程对权力演变的影响、权力自我演变轨迹的启示、权力在法律实施中的作用和功能等角度加深了对重置期检察权的认识。但事实上,民初政局变动频繁,军阀混战惨烈,在动荡中处于权力重置期的检察权,却并没有获得权力的重生。其权力变迁中所蕴涵的精神气质、权力走向和时代气息,在国民政府五权宪制下,得以续演。第三章,近代检察权的续演。本章对五权宪政体制的变化情况进行了研究,对宪政体制变化的理论根源进行了追朔,对司法体制的变动进行了分析。对宪政层面审检合署体制的出现进行了关注,对检察权的权力位阶的变化、军事检察权的强化、地方检察权的兼理制等进行了论说。对检察体制的相关构设因素进行了分析。本章还对检察权具体权力形态的演变和权力的行权方式进行了研究,对权力性质进行了再认识。第四章,废检运动中检察权的设计与安排。本章对废检运动的初现和勃兴进行了回顾,对废检运动中具体的权力存废之争以及权力改设方案进行了研究,并对废检运动的启示进行了阐发。第五章,司法党化中的检察权。在国民政府时期,党治论调的出台,使司法打上了党治的烙印。司法党化与非党化,成为近代检察权权力演变历程中的分水岭。司法党化不但让检察权丧失了不介入党争的法制原则,也让检察权成为贯彻党义主张的权力工具,导致权力精神的窒息,使权力异化为政党专政的工具。本章对司法党化兴起的背景进行了专门研究,对党治成功要件和党治反对言论进行了分析,特别是对司法党化的精神意蕴、要旨规陈、实例分析进行了研究,并将司法党化对检察权实际运行的影响进行了专论。结语部分,对选题的主旨进行了强调,对近代宪政历程中检察权的演变之旅进行了再回顾,提炼和总结了对当下检察权制度的启示。
[Abstract]:During the period from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the national government, the fate of the state was more and more difficult, the political situation changed violently, the Constitution Movement was magnificent. In essence, in addition to the political ambitions and power construction of the manipulators of the national transportation, there was a surge of "Chinese style" constitutional fate. Under the curtain of the judicial reform of the Qing court, the right of power is on the stage of history with a new form of power and the first journey of the experiment of the localization of power. At this point, the fate of the procuratorial power in modern China is accompanied by the evolution of modern constitutionalism, and is subject to the overall arrangement and indication of the power of the state. Of course, the procuratorial power of modern China. In the course of the evolution of this power, the boundary of power has a certain change and initiative, and it is self-evident that it can cope with the situation and be flexible in the power structure and type of power. This article is based on the establishment and evolution of the power of modern Chinese procuratorial power in the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China as the research object, trying to be in the state constitutional model. Under the changeable background, it probes into the power allocation and power panorama of the procuratorial power at the national level as the main line of analysis, revealing the constitutional meaning in the theme of power evolution, in order to explore the profound enlightenment of history.
The article is divided into five chapters, which are carried out in turn.
The introduction part, clarifies the main purpose of the study and the reason for the topic, reviews and combs the relevant research results of this topic, points out the theoretical value of this topic, and describes the research methods used in this paper.
The first chapter, the beginning of the modern procuratorial power. This chapter discusses the background of the creation of modern procuratorial power from two dimensions in the process of monarchy constitutionalism, from the judicial reform and the external legal power. The reasons for the new procuratorial system to take the Japanese inspection system, the process of establishing the procuratorial system and the basic power form of the procuratorial power are carried out. In particular, the power disposition of procuratorial power under the constitutional monarchy and the nature of power have been examined. This chapter also explains and evaluates the role of the power mode of the initial stage of procuratorial power, the division of power and power operation and the function of procuratorial power in the reform of the legal system at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The procuratorial power and its system carrier, along with the revolution of Wuchang and the destruction of the feudal monarchy of the Qing Dynasty, brought the evolution of procuratorial power in the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.
The second chapter is the resetting of the modern procuratorial power. This chapter studies the evolution of the constitutional system and the change of the judicial system at the beginning of the Republic of China. It points out that the power structure pattern of the separation of the three powers under the Republican constitutional system has become the authority to restrict the allocation of power of procuratorial power and the general appearance of power in the resetting period. The abolition of the inspection hall, the beginning of the military procuratorial power, the administrative tendency of the exercise of the power of procuratorial power, the localization of the procuratorial power, and the analysis and discussion of the other relevant changes in the procuratorial system, such as the changes in the procuratorial organization and personnel allocation and the cultivation of the procuratorial personnel, are related to some of these aspects. The cognition and evaluation of the power allocation and the nature of power at the constitutional level of procuratorial power, some of which are closely related to the operation and implementation of power. This chapter also studies the changes in the power of procuratorial power in the reposition period, the expansion of the nature of power and the enhancement of the administrative factors of power. The nature of power is in the state. This chapter also evaluates the procuratorial power of the beginning of the Republic of China. This chapter also makes an evaluation of the procuratorial power in the early days of the Republic of China, from the influence of the constitutional process on the evolution of power, the inspiration of the evolution of the power self, the role and function of power in the implementation of the law, but it has deepened the understanding of the procuratorial power in the reposition period. In fact, the political situation in the early days of the Republic of China has changed frequently, the warlords are fighting badly, and the procuratorial power in the period of power resetting in the turmoil has not obtained the rebirth of power. The spirit, power trend and the atmosphere of the times contained in the change of power can be replayed under the national government's five powers constitutional system.
The third chapter, the renewal of the modern procuratorial power. This chapter studies the changes of the five rights constitutionalism system, the theoretical roots of the constitutional change and the analysis of the changes in the judicial system. The appearance of the system of the constitutional examination and inspection is concerned, the change of the power level of the procuratorial power and the procuratorial power of the military. In this chapter, the evolution of the specific power form of procuratorial power and the way of power are studied, and the nature of power is re understood.
The fourth chapter, the design and arrangement of the procuratorial power in the abolition movement. This chapter reviews the emergence and prosperity of the abolition movement, studies the dispute of the specific power and abolition of the abolition of power and the scheme of power reform, and elucidates the Enlightenment of the abolition movement.
The fifth chapter, the procuratorial power in the judicial party. In the period of the national government, the introduction of the party's rule made the judiciary imprint the brand of the party. The judicial party and non Party became the watershed in the evolution of the modern procuratorial power. The judicial party not only lost the procuratorial power of the legal principle of not introducing the party to the party, but also made the procuratorial power to carry out the party's righteousness. The power tool advocated led to the suffocation of the spirit of power and the alienation of power as a tool for the political party's dictatorship. This chapter specializes in the background of the rise of the judicial party, and analyses the important elements of the party's success and the opposition to the party's governance, especially the spiritual connotation of the judicial party, the keynote, the case analysis, and the judicature. The influence of Party orientation on the actual operation of procuratorial power is discussed.
In the concluding part, the theme of the topic is emphasized, and the evolution of the procuratorial power in the modern constitutional process is reviewed, and the enlightenment to the present procuratorial power system is extracted and summarized.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929;D926

【引证文献】