美国汽车搜查制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-12 23:54

本文选题：令状原则 + 汽车例外　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：搜查制度涉及到国家权力对个人权利的干预,通常会伴有强制力的实施,因此,现代法治国家要求对搜查必须进行严格的实体和程序上的规制,其中,令状制度就是保障公民权利反对政府不当搜查的制度产物。汽车搜查作为搜查的一种表现形态,当然要遵循搜查的相关法律规定。但是,由于汽车具有快速移动性的特点,所以对汽车进行搜查又不能完全按照令状原则的要求,否则将造成对公民权利僵硬之保障而使国家无法进行犯罪侦查和追诉。美国汽车搜查制度从严守令状原则发展到汽车例外规则,已经历了一百多年。美国汽车搜查已经形成一套比较完善的理论体系,并且在实践中运行良好。而反观我国的汽车搜查,不管是理论研究还是法律规定都相对空白,这和我国汽车大国的地位以及汽车搜查在实践中的频繁启动是极不相称的。所以研究美国成熟的汽车搜查制度,进而为我国创建和完善汽车搜查制度提供可资利用的参考是很有意义的。本文共分五章。第一章主要讨论了令状原则的概念、发展历程、价值和功能以及依据令状进行的汽车搜查——传统的汽车搜查。第二章主要介绍了美国汽车例外的创设,重点分析了美国汽车例外的第一个理论根据——机动性理论。通过对其进行讨论,笔者认为美国在创立汽车例外时提出机动性理论并无不妥,但在发展过程中有无限制扩大汽车机动性的倾向。第三章主要探讨了美国汽车例外的第二个理论——较少隐私期待理论,通过相关判例的分析,笔者以为美国汽车较少隐私期待理论并不能支持汽车例外,广泛援引该理论有为打击犯罪而限缩公民权利的嫌疑。第四章讨论了美国汽车搜查的范围,主要以对汽车内独立容器进行搜查的权力归属为载体,探讨了容器规则和搜查汽车发现容器规则(汽车例外)的并存、冲突以及统一。笔者认为,美国最高法院对汽车内容器统一适用汽车例外并不恰当,它剥夺了公民的基本权利,使最高法院成了政府打击犯罪的仆人。第五章是本文的重点,本章首先介绍了我国汽车搜查的立法和司法现状,得出由于缺乏相关法律规定,导致实践中公民权利经常遭到执法人员的侵犯而缺乏相应救济的结论。进而又归纳了美国汽车搜查制度,提出了一些值得我国学习的经验,并在分析了我国社会发展状态以及当前司法改革的着力点之后,笔者认为,我国不能直接引入美国的汽车例外制度,在创建和完善汽车搜查制度时,一定要将保障公民权利作为优先点进行考量。最后,提出了我国创立和完善汽车搜查制度的几点建议。
[Abstract]:The search system involves the interference of the state power to the individual right, usually accompanied by the enforcement of the coercive force. Therefore, the modern rule of law country requires strict substantive and procedural regulation of the search, among which, Writ system is the product of protecting citizens' rights against improper government search. Automobile search as a form of search, of course, should follow the relevant legal provisions of search. However, because the automobile has the characteristic of fast moving, so the search of the automobile can not completely according to the requirement of the writ principle, otherwise it will result in the rigid protection of the civil rights and make the country unable to carry on the criminal investigation and prosecution. It has been more than 100 years since American automobile search system developed from strict writ principle to automobile exception rule. American automobile search has formed a set of relatively perfect theory system and runs well in practice. On the other hand, no matter the theoretical research or the legal provisions are relatively blank, this is not commensurate with the status of China's automobile power and the frequent start of automobile search in practice. Therefore, it is meaningful to study the mature automobile search system in the United States and to provide a useful reference for the establishment and improvement of the automobile search system in China. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter mainly discusses the concept, development course, value and function of writ principle and the traditional automobile search based on writ. The second chapter mainly introduces the creation of American automobile exception, focusing on the first theoretical basis of American automobile exception-mobility theory. By discussing it, the author thinks that it is not inappropriate for the United States to put forward the mobility theory when the automobile exception was founded, but there is a tendency to expand the mobility of the automobile in the process of development. The third chapter mainly discusses the second theory of American automobile exception-less privacy expectation theory. Through the analysis of relevant cases, the author thinks that the American automobile less privacy expectation theory can not support the automobile exception. The theory is widely cited as a suspicion of curtailing civil rights in order to combat crime. The fourth chapter discusses the scope of automobile search in the United States, mainly based on the power to search the independent container in the vehicle as the carrier, and discusses the coexistence, conflict and unification of the container rule and the search vehicle discovery container rule (automobile exception). The author thinks that it is not appropriate for the United States Supreme Court to uniformly apply the automobile exception to the automobile inner container. It deprives the citizens of their basic rights and makes the Supreme Court a servant of the government in cracking down on crime. The fifth chapter is the focal point of this paper, this chapter first introduces the legislation and judicial status of automobile search in China, and draws the conclusion that the civil rights are often infringed by law enforcement personnel and lack of corresponding relief in practice due to the lack of relevant legal provisions. Then it sums up the American automobile search system, puts forward some experiences worthy of our country's study, and after analyzing the social development state of our country and the focus of the current judicial reform, the author thinks that, Our country can't directly introduce the American automobile exception system. When we establish and perfect the automobile search system, we must take the protection of citizens' rights as the priority. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to establish and perfect the automobile search system in our country.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915.3

【相似文献】