中日死刑比较研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 09:34

本文选题：死刑 + 规定方式　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：死刑是刑法理论中十分重要的课题之一，历来是各国刑法学研究的重要组成部分。尤其在《刑法修正案（八）》出台以后，我国死刑罪名数量减少了大约五分之一，死刑问题又一次成为学术界争论的焦点，但是只是重提旧论并非我的初衷，我认为无论死刑的存还是废都是有其合理性的，在我的课题中想把此问题进行淡化，而是从死刑产生的社会基础、死刑的形成、并最终如何制定成法律等方面对中日死刑进行对比研究。第一部分主要是从立法角度出发，介绍一下中日两国设置了哪些死刑罪名。中日刑法典的死刑罪名主要有以下几点：（一）从死刑罪名主要保护的法益来看，中国刑法典以对国家利益和社会利益的保护为重点；日本刑法典更强调对社会法益的保护，但社会法益、国家法益和个人法益是相对均衡的。（二）中国刑法典中的死刑罪名以非暴力性犯罪为主；日本刑法典中的死刑罪名大多以暴力性犯罪行为为构成要件，其中还有以要求致人死亡的危害结果为构成要件的。只有关系国家利益的死刑罪名既不要求犯罪行为的暴力性，也不要求致人死亡的危害结果。（三）从死刑罪名的数量上来看，中国刑法典中的死刑罪名目前有55个；日本刑法典中的死刑罪名虽有17个，但从这些罪名适用的对象和行为来说，却远远不仅有17个。第二部分主要是从死刑的规定方式方面对中日死刑作简要概述，死刑的规定方式有惟一死刑和选择性死刑。中日死刑在规定方式方面的区别主要有几下几点：（一）在绝对死刑的规定数量上，我国刑法分则中规定了绝对死刑的数量是4个，而日本刑法典中规定了绝对死刑的罪名仅有一个。（二）在相对死刑的规定数量上，我国刑法中共有7个罪名规定了相对死刑，而日本刑法典中并没有关于相对死刑的规定。（三）在选择性死刑方面，日本刑法典规定的12个死刑罪名中有6个规定了2年、3年或者5年的短期自由刑，而在我国刑法中与死刑共同规定的有期徒刑为10年或者15年，都是重刑。（四）在刑罚的排列方式方面，日本刑法典中关于死刑的规定方式有六种，而且刑罚均由重及轻依次排列。我国刑法中的死刑规定方式中只有第232条即故意杀人罪采用“处死刑、无期徒刑或者10年有期徒刑”，其余五种都是以由轻到重的方式排列的。第三部分主要是从死刑的适用条件方面作简单概述，分析了我国和日本在死刑适用条件上的不同和相同之处。中国现行刑法对犯罪时不满十八周岁的人、审判的时候怀孕的妇女，不适用死刑。审判的时候已满七十五周岁的人一般也不适用死刑，只有以特别残忍手段致人死亡的情况除外。日本刑法中规定对犯罪时未满十八周岁的人不适用死刑。对作为被告人的女性即使怀孕也可以判处死刑，只是对死刑应当暂停执行。对于被判处死刑的心神丧失者，只有在控制和辨认能力恢复以后才可以执行死刑。但是，，适用条件除了有以上不同之处以外，也是有相同之处的。不管哪一个国家，死刑作为一种以极端的方式剥夺他人生命的刑罚，在实现公平与正义的同时，都注定了不可以乱用死刑，所以在死刑的适用问题上，都需要设定一些特殊的范畴，以实现个人利益和国家利益之间的均衡。第四部分主要是从三个方面介绍中日两国的死刑执行方式：第一,死刑是否公开执行，公开执行的话如何公开，不公开的话又是怎样的执行情况；第二,死刑执行的机关及原因；第三,中日两国死刑的具体执行方式及其变化。（一）关于死刑是否公开执行，中国出于政治目的和一般预防的的考虑，曾过度追求死刑的公开执行，但在20世纪80年代以后随着法制观念和人权意识的不断提高，死刑执行方式由枪决向两种执行方式的过渡。到20世纪90年代末期进入了一个相对秘密执行的时期。日本自从明治后期开始一贯贯彻死刑绝对秘密执行的方针，直至今日也是如此。（二）中国的死刑执行机关由作出一审判决的法院和审判法官担任，在法官的指挥下，由武警或是司法干警具体操作，作为国家法律运行监督机关的检察院也会派员参加对整个执行过程进行监督。日本的死刑执行依据是法务大臣的执行死刑的判决书，一般由监狱等的工作人员进行，除此以外，检察官和检察事务官以及经过特别许可的人才可以参加。（三）在死刑执行方式方面，中国传统采用枪决方式，1990年以后采取注射和枪决两种方式。与此相比，自明治以来日本一直适用绞首的方式执行死刑，至今已有上百年的历史。但是两国对于死刑执行方式也有着共同之处：（一）无论死刑是否公开执行，都是出于对国家利益和社会利益的考虑，都是为了塑造国家形象和维护国家统治的正当性。（二）死刑的执行方式都是向着更加人道的方向发展的。第五部分主要是对中日死刑的前刑罚进行比较研究。在我国刑罚体系中，最接近死刑的刑罚方式虽然说是无期徒刑，但是由于死刑本身包含两种执行方式即死刑立即执行和死刑缓期二年执行，所以刑罚方式由轻及重的顺序应该为无期徒刑→死刑缓期二年执行→死刑立即执行。一旦判处了死刑缓期二年执行，只要在两年缓刑考验期内无故意犯罪，就可以避免被执行死刑，在很大程度上减少了死刑案件执行的人数。在日本刑罚体系中，与死刑最接近的刑罚方式就是无期徒刑，刑罚的轻重关系非常明了：无期徒刑→死刑，但日本的无期徒刑本身也有很大的裁量范围，既包括绝对的无期徒刑，也包括相对的无期徒刑。中日死刑的前刑罚虽然有以上的区别，但也不无相似之处，日本的刑罚体系在很长的一段时间内与我国的刑罚体系一样，存在着结构性的缺陷，即主要表现为死刑和徒刑之间的差距过大。无论是我国还是日本的刑法，都在替代死刑的刑罚方式上下了很大的功夫，但是死刑的前刑罚并非仅仅起到是替代死刑的作用，而且也是使死刑制度本身更加完善，使刑罚体系趋于完整和减少死刑案件数量的必不可少的一部分。
[Abstract]:Death penalty is one of the most important subjects in the theory of criminal law. It has always been an important part of the study of criminal law in various countries. Especially after the introduction of the amendment of criminal law (eight), the number of death penalty charges has been reduced by about 1/5, and the death penalty has become the focus of the academic debate again, but it is not my original intention to repeat the old theory. It is reasonableness that the death penalty and the abolished capital of the death penalty are reasonable. I want to desalination the problem in my subject, but from the social basis of the death penalty, the formation of the death penalty, and finally how to make it into law to compare the death penalty between China and Japan.
The first part is mainly from the legislative point of view of the death penalty charges set up between China and Japan. The main criminal charges of the Chinese and Japanese penal code are as follows: (I) from the legal benefits of the main protection of the death penalty, the Chinese penal code focuses on the protection of the national and social interests, and the Japanese penal code emphasizes the society. The protection of legal interest, but the social legal interest, the national legal interest and the personal legal benefit are relatively balanced. (two) the death penalty charges in the Chinese penal code are mainly non violent crimes; most of the death penalty charges in the Japanese penal code are composed of violent crimes, among which the consequences of the death of the people are the essential elements. The death penalty charges relating to the interests of the state do not require neither the violence of the criminal act nor the result of the harm caused by the death. (three) in terms of the number of death penalty charges, there are 55 crimes in the criminal code of China at present; although there are 17 crimes in the criminal code of Japan, they are far from the object and behavior applicable to these crimes. There are not only 17 far away.
The second part is mainly a brief overview of the death penalty in terms of the provisions of the death penalty. The provisions of the death penalty have the only death penalty and the selective death penalty. The difference between the Chinese and Japanese death penalty in the way of the regulation is mainly several points: (I) the number of the absolute death penalty stipulates that the number of the absolute death penalty in the criminal law of China is 4. There is only one charge of absolute death penalty in the Japanese criminal code. (two) in the amount of relative death penalty, there are 7 crimes in China's criminal law that stipulate relative death penalty, while in the Japanese penal code, there is no regulation on relative death penalty. (three) there are 6 of the 12 death sentences stipulated in the Japanese criminal code in the aspect of the selective death penalty. For 2 years, 3 years or 5 years of short-term free punishment, and in our criminal law and the death penalty jointly stipulated in the sentence of 10 years or 15 years, all are heavy sentences. (four) in the arrangement of the penalty, the Japanese penal code on the death penalty in six, and the penalty in order of weight and light in order. The death penalty stipulated in the criminal law of our country Only 232nd of the ways of intentional homicide are "death penalty, life imprisonment, or 10 years of imprisonment", and the rest of the five are arranged from light to heavy.
The third part is a brief overview of the applicable conditions of the death penalty, and analyses the differences and similarities between China and Japan on the conditions for the application of the death penalty. In the current criminal law, people who are less than eighteen years old in criminal law and women who are pregnant at the time of trial do not apply the death penalty. People at the age of seventy-five are generally not well disposed at the time of trial. With the death penalty, except for the death of a person with a special cruel means. The Japanese criminal law stipulates that the death penalty is not applicable to a person under the age of eighteen in the case of a crime. A woman who is a defendant may be sentenced to death even if she is pregnant, only the death penalty should be suspended. The person who has been sentenced to death is only under control and recognition. The death penalty can not be executed until the ability is restored. However, the conditions of application have the same in addition to the above differences. No matter which country, the death penalty, as an extreme way of depriving others of the life of others, can not use the death penalty at the same time as the realization of fairness and justice, so the application of the death penalty is asked. In order to achieve the balance between personal interests and national interests, we need to set some special categories.
The fourth part mainly introduces the execution of the death penalty between China and Japan from three aspects: first, whether the death penalty is publicly implemented, how the public execution is open, and how the non public words are carried out; second, the organs and reasons for the execution of the death penalty; third, the specific implementation methods and changes of the death penalty between China and Japan. (I) about death Whether the punishment was carried out publicly, China had overly pursued the public execution of the death penalty for political purposes and general precautions, but after 1980s, with the continuous improvement of the concept of legal system and human rights consciousness, the execution mode of death penalty was transferred from shooting to two ways of execution. By the end of 1990s, a relative secret was entered into a relative secret. The period of implementation. Since the late Meiji period, the policy of absolute secret execution of death penalty has been consistently carried out in the late Meiji period. (two) the execution organs of the death penalty in China are held by the court and trial judge who have made a trial decision, and under the command of the judges, the armed police or the judicial officers are operated, as the supervision organ of the national law operation. The procuratorate will also take part in the supervision of the whole process of execution. The execution of the death penalty in Japan is based on the sentence of the law secretary's execution of the death penalty, which is usually carried out by the staff of the prison. In addition, the prosecutor and the prosecutor, and the persons with special permission can participate. (three) China in the way of execution of the death penalty, China There are two ways of shooting and shooting after 1990. Compared with the death penalty since Meiji, Japan has been applying the death penalty since Meiji. The two countries have a history of hundreds of years. But the two countries have common ways of executing the death penalty: (I) whether the death penalty is publicly implemented is for the benefit of the country. The interests and social interests are considered to shape the image of the country and maintain the legitimacy of the state's rule. (two) the execution of the death penalty is developed in a more humane direction.
The fifth part is mainly a comparative study of the former penalty of the death penalty in China and Japan. In our country, the most close to the death penalty in the penalty system is life imprisonment, but because the death penalty itself contains two ways of execution, namely, the execution of the death penalty and the execution of the death penalty for two years, the order of punishment from light and heavy should be a period of time. Imprisonment, death penalty, two years of execution, execution immediately. Once the sentence of death sentence is suspended for two years, the death penalty can be avoided as long as there is no intentional crime in the probation period of two years. To a great extent, the number of execution in the death penalty case is reduced. In the Japanese penal body, the most close punishment to the death penalty is no one in the Japanese penal body. The light and heavy relations between the penalty and the penalty are very clear: life imprisonment and death penalty, but Japan's life imprisonment itself also has a large range of discretion, including absolute imprisonment and relative life imprisonment. Like our country's penalty system, there are structural defects, which are mainly manifested in the large gap between death penalty and prison sentence. Both in China and in Japan, the criminal law of Japan has made great efforts to replace the punishment of death penalty, but the penalty of death penalty is not only a substitute for the death penalty, but also the death penalty. It is an essential part of perfecting the death penalty system, making the penalty system more complete and reducing the number of death penalty cases.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D924.1;D931.3

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