美国民用核设施安全监管法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 13:19

本文选题：民用核设施 + 许可证制度　；参考：《辽宁大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,由于空气污染的加重,全球气候变暖现象也越来越明显。中国在经济方面的飞速发展反过来也以牺牲了环境为代价。全国范围内的雾霾天气越来越多。2015年12月巴黎气候大会召开,全球195个缔约国通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》,这无疑进一步给中国未来发展增加了压力,全球碳的减排对中国依靠煤为主要能源的发展模式提出了严峻的挑战。中国政府为应对能源紧张局面,近年来致力于发展清洁高效的核能,在建核反应堆位居世界第一。随着核电技术的不断提高,中国政府提出核能“走出去”战略。一方面可以进行国际能源合作,提高中国核能利用技术,另一方面可以带动中国出口经济发展。但无论是中国核能自身的建设还是核能走出国门,都要以核安全的保障为基础和前提。加强核安全的保障离不开规范民用核设施的安全监管,只有完备的民用核设施安全监管制度才能使国家核工业安全、平稳、高效的发展。而美国作为核能民用最早的国家之一,其民用核设施安全监管制度对中国具有重要的借鉴作用。作者认为:美国虽然曾经发生过著名的三哩岛核安全事故,但其作为全球反应堆数量最多的国家,加上近几十年无较大核安全事故的发生,其民用核设施安全监管是比较全面和有效的。文章本着取其精华、去其糟粕的意图,对美国的民用核设施安全监管主要制度进行探讨。第一部分在定义民用核设施安全监管制度的基础上主要对美国民用核设施安全监管制度进行分析。首先对民用核设施安全监管的概念和属性进行界定,其次介绍了美国民用核设施安全监管的法律制度和管理机构。第二部分至第五部分分别介绍了美国民用核设施安全监管法律制度中最重要的四个制度,即民用核设施建立的许可证制度、民用核设施运行中核废料处理监管制度、民用核设施运行中安全事故应急监管制度和民用核设施退役的安全监管制度。通过分析这些制度的法律依据和实践经验,本文试对其监管作用进行评价或提出建议。第六部分分析总结中国关于核安全监管制度方面存在的问题,在此基础上提出相应的解决方案,以完善中国的民用核设施安全监管法律制度。本文的创新点在于对美国核安全监管法律制度如何规制其国内的民用核设施进行探讨,从民用核设施运行过程中最主要四个方面分析美国民用核设施安全监管的优势和不足,从而为中国民用核设施安全监管的制度设计提供帮助。
[Abstract]:In recent years, global warming has become more and more obvious due to the aggravation of air pollution. China's rapid economic growth has, in turn, come at the expense of the environment. Smog weather is increasing nationwide. At the Paris Climate Conference in December 2015, 195 parties around the world adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change, which undoubtedly further increased the pressure on China's future development. Global carbon reduction poses a severe challenge to China's development model, which relies on coal as the main energy source. In response to energy tensions, the Chinese government has been working on clean and efficient nuclear power in recent years, with the world's largest nuclear reactor under construction. With the continuous improvement of nuclear power technology, the Chinese government has put forward the "going out" strategy of nuclear energy. On the one hand, international energy cooperation can improve China's nuclear energy utilization technology, on the other hand, it can promote China's export economy. However, both the construction of China's nuclear energy itself and the development of nuclear energy abroad should be based on the guarantee of nuclear safety. The security of nuclear safety can not be strengthened without standardizing the safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities. Only a complete safety supervision system of civil nuclear facilities can make the national nuclear industry develop smoothly and efficiently. As one of the earliest civil nuclear power countries, the United States plays an important role in the safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities in China. The author holds that although the United States has had a famous nuclear safety accident at three Mile Island, it is the country with the largest number of reactors in the world, and there have been no major nuclear safety accidents in recent decades. Its civil nuclear facilities safety supervision is relatively comprehensive and effective. Based on the intention of taking the essence and dismissing the dross, this paper probes into the main system of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States. In the first part, based on the definition of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision system, the article mainly analyzes the American civil nuclear facilities safety supervision system. Firstly, it defines the concept and attributes of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision, and then introduces the legal system and regulatory agencies of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States. The second to fifth parts respectively introduce the most important four systems in the legal system of civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States, that is, the licensing system for the establishment of civil nuclear facilities, the regulatory system for the disposal of nuclear waste in the operation of civil nuclear facilities, and the regulatory system for the disposal of nuclear waste in the operation of civil nuclear facilities. The emergency supervision system for civil nuclear facilities and the safety supervision system for decommissioning civil nuclear facilities. By analyzing the legal basis and practical experience of these systems, this paper tries to evaluate their regulatory role or put forward some suggestions. The sixth part analyzes and summarizes the problems existing in China's nuclear safety regulatory system, and puts forward corresponding solutions on this basis, in order to improve China's civil nuclear facilities safety regulatory legal system. The innovation of this paper is to discuss how to regulate the civil nuclear facilities in the United States, and to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the civil nuclear facilities safety supervision in the United States from the most important four aspects in the operation of civil nuclear facilities. So as to provide assistance for the system design of safety supervision of civil nuclear facilities in China.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.6

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