论法经济分析方法在侵权责任成立与损害赔偿数额确定中的应用

发布时间：2018-06-24 21:24

  本文选题：法经济分析 + 侵权责任成立　； 参考：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文研究了法经济分析方法在侵权责任成立与损害赔偿数额确定中的应用。传统的侵权法理论关于侵权责任成立的问题上,围绕过错和因果关系两个要件存在诸多问题。在过错和因果关系的认定上往往存在标准不够统一、主观性较强问题,为相关研究带来了较大困扰。而在损害赔偿数额确定的问题上,传统的侵权法理论在人身损害等难以用金钱衡量价值的损害类型上存在损害赔偿数额确定难以令人信服、确定标准难以把握的问题。在惩罚性赔偿的问题上,传统理论也存在确定数额的标准可操作性差的问题。本文借助法经济分析的方法,尝试建立起客观化的标准,在社会最优预防水平下对预防成本和预期事故成本的大小比较确定当事人是否具有过错,通过对因果关系的法经济分析研究以及法经济分析视角下因果关系可以转化为过错的讨论,进一步简化了责任成立的判断标准。在损害赔偿数额确定的问题上,法经济分析针对补偿性损害赔偿和惩罚性损害赔偿分别适用不同的数额确定方法,引入了等效用曲线、等量风险以及履行差错等概念,对人身损害等不能以金钱衡量的损失结果和惩罚性损害赔偿的数额确定给出更为合理的标准,同时对具备市场价格的损害赔偿数额确定给出相对操作性更强、更加精确的方法,对于侵权责任成立和损害赔偿数额确定中的疑难问题的解决有建设性意义。本文除了引言和结语,共有四个部分:第一部分主要介绍了作为本文研究方法的法经济分析方法及将其应用在本文研究的问题中的意义。从历史发展、理论假设、效率概念入手,展示了法经济分析方法运行的机制,并在其自身优势和特点的基础上介绍将其应用在本文研究的问题中的意义。第二部分主要介绍了法经济分析方法在侵权责任成立问题上的应用,分别围绕过错和因果关系两大要件展开。本文对过错要件的研究以汉德公式为出发点,介绍了汉德公式的内容,对其进行了进一步解读,并介绍了在汉德公式基础上改进得来的社会最优预防水平理论,通过在社会最优预防水平条件下当事人投入的预防成本与事故预期成本的比较确定过错是否成立。因果关系方面的研究主要介绍了法经济分析对因果关系的不同认识,通过对行为的效率意义的评价认定因果关系是否存在。最后介绍了法经济分析视角下对因果关系向过错转化的认识,法经济分析研究中因果关系可以转化为过错进行研究,有利于进一步简化侵权责任成立判断的标准。第三部分主要介绍法经济分析方法在损害赔偿数额确定中的应用。法经济分析方法将损害赔偿分为补偿性损害赔偿和惩罚性损害赔偿两种。在补偿性损害赔偿中,法经济分析认为有两种内涵,一种是具有市场价格的损害结果的损害赔偿,一种是不具备市场价格的损害结果的损害赔偿。法经济分析运用经济学的等效用需求曲线函数确定前者的数额,运用等量风险理论确定后者的数额。对于惩罚性损害赔偿,法经济分析主要关注履行差错对其的影响,从履行差错的量化入手确定惩罚性赔偿的数额。第四部分探讨了法经济分析方法在侵权责任成立与损害赔偿数额确定中应用的局限,这种局限主要是由法经济分析可能存在的与公平正义等价值观念的冲突以及支持法经济分析实践化的数据支撑不足造成的。但是这样的局限并非是不可克服的,通过人为修正可以缓解法经济分析与公平正义等观念的冲突,通过深入实证研究可以获得一般性的变量数据。本文认为,法经济分析方法应用于侵权责任成立以及损害赔偿数额确定的研究中,可以构建出可量化操作的、相对客观化、精准化的侵权责任成立和损害赔偿数额确定标准,这对侵权法制度的研究与实践都有着积极的意义。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the application of the method of legal economic analysis in the establishment of tort liability and the determination of the amount of damages. There are many problems in the traditional theory of tort law on the establishment of liability for tort. There are many problems around the two important elements of fault and causality. On the problem of determining the amount of damages, the traditional theory of the traditional tort law, which is difficult to determine the amount of damages on the damage type which is difficult to use money to measure the value of money, is difficult to grasp. In the case of punitive damages, the traditional theory is on the issue of punitive damages. On the basis of the method of economic analysis, this paper tries to establish an objective standard, and compares the risk of prevention and the cost of the expected accident at the level of social optimal prevention to determine whether the parties have fault, through the legal economic analysis of causality and the law. From the perspective of economic analysis, the causality can be transformed into a discussion of fault, which further simplifies the judgment standard for the establishment of liability. On the problem of determining the amount of compensation for damages, the legal economic analysis applies the different amount of determination methods to compensatory damages and punitive damages respectively, and the equivalent use curve is introduced, and the equivalent risk is introduced. To carry out the concept of error and so on, to determine the amount of loss and punitive damages which can not be measured by money, and to determine a more reasonable standard. At the same time, the amount of damages for the damage of the market price is determined to be more operable and more accurate, and the amount of the liability for tort and the amount of damages are determined. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper has four parts: the first part mainly introduces the method of economic analysis as the method of this paper and the significance of its application to the problems in this paper. From the historical development, the theoretical hypothesis and the concept of efficiency, it shows the method of economic analysis. The mechanism of operation is introduced on the basis of its own advantages and characteristics. The second part mainly introduces the application of the method of legal economic analysis on the establishment of tort liability, and the two important elements of fault and causality respectively. The study of the fault elements in this paper is based on the Han German formula For the starting point, this paper introduces the content of the hande formula, further interprets it, and introduces the social optimal prevention level theory improved on the basis of the hande formula. By comparing the cost of prevention of the parties involved in the optimal level of social prevention and the accident expectation, it determines whether the fault is established or not. The research mainly introduces the different understanding of the causal relationship between the legal economic analysis, and determines whether the causality exists by the evaluation of the efficiency meaning of the behavior. Finally, it introduces the understanding of the transformation from the causality to the fault in the perspective of the economic analysis of law and the study of the relationship between fruit and fruit in the study of the legal economic analysis, which is beneficial to the study of the fault. The third part mainly introduces the application of the legal economic analysis method in the determination of the amount of damage compensation. The legal economic analysis method divides the damages into two kinds of compensatory damages and punitive damages. In the compensatory damages, the legal economic analysis holds that there are two kinds of connotations in the legal economic analysis. It is compensation for damage resulting from market price damage, one is damage compensation that does not have the result of market price damage. The legal economic analysis uses the equivalent demand curve function of economics to determine the amount of the former, and uses the equivalent risk theory to determine the amount of the latter. In the fourth part, the limitation of the application of the legal economic analysis method to the establishment of tort liability and the determination of the amount of damages is discussed. This limitation is mainly caused by the conflict of the values that may exist in the analysis of the legal economy and the values of fairness and justice, as well as in the legal economic analysis. The practical data support of the economic analysis of support law is not sufficient. However, this limitation is not insurmountable. Through human modification, it can alleviate the conflict between the economic analysis and justice and so on, and can obtain the general variable data through in-depth empirical research. This article holds that the method of legal economic analysis is applied to tort liability. In the study of the establishment and the determination of the amount of damages, it is possible to establish a quantifiable operation, relatively objective, accurate tort liability and the standard for determining the amount of damages, which are of great significance to the research and practice of the tort law system.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D90-059;D913
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本文编号：2063019