抗战时期陪都重庆警政改革研究

发布时间：2018-07-10 13:18

本文选题：抗战时期 + 陪都　；参考：《西南政法大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：抗战时期,随着日本对华侵略局势加剧,国民政府将中央机构西迁重庆,重庆作为陪都和战时首都,地位上升至国家的政治、军事、经济、文化和外交中心。面对汉奸等敌对势力的破坏、敌机对后方城市的持续狂轰滥炸、难民不断涌入、警察战时素养不高、警察人员不足等一系列的社会问题,警察作为国家武装力量的一个重要部分,通过战时职能结构的不断调整,全面履行了其战时陪都社会管控的职能,在维护陪都社会正常秩序和内部稳定、防范和打击各类犯罪、保障人民生命财产安全等方面发挥了巨大的作用,为抗战胜利做出了重大贡献。为此,本文以陪都重庆为时空范围,选择战时警政改革为考察对象,并以战时警察职能的发挥和运行状况为切入点,以期对抗战研究的这个薄弱环节做一些补充工作。本文论述的基本逻辑架构为:从纵向角度,回溯了我国近代警政制度的引入,及其通过本土立法活动逐步移植,据此创建了我国早期的警察组织和警务制度。历经清末、北京政府时期的调整和适应,至南京国民政府前期近代化的警政体制基本形成。继而从横向角度,对抗战爆发后为适应战争形势需要,而进行的陪都重庆警察常规职能改革的内容,战时特殊警务职能的延伸,以及战时警察主体身份的扩展作深入探讨。最后进行综合评析。其一,围绕警察常规职能进行了一系列改革。诸如重新规划警察组织和警务建设,改进陪都警察的战时治安防控体系,做实警察业务中较为重要的户籍管理工作,改善战时陪都重庆的消防和交通管理方法,构建适应国际需要的外事警察管理职能体系,从而使战时陪都警察常规普通职能较战前有了跨越式的强化。其二,战争推动了陪都警察职能结构的重大变化。为应对日本侵略者对重庆无差别轰炸的不断加强,国家对警察常规职能结构加以延伸,赋予陪都警察以防空职能。这是战时陪都警察一项较为特殊的职能。为拱卫战时首都安全,保障重庆地区社会秩序的安定,陪都警察防空职能的重要性被提升到一个前所未有的高度。尽管陪都警察在履行防空职能时并未与日本侵略者短兵相接,但对于保卫抗战大后方的人员安全和挽回财产损失作出了重大贡献,堪为抗击日本侵略的一支中坚力量。同时,面对汉奸对国家危害步步加强,陪都警察刑事执法职能进一步延伸,并在战时肃奸发挥了主力军的作用。由于警察是和平时期执行侦查缉捕的常备机关,肃清汉奸较其它行政执法部门更具经验和业务素养。赋予陪都警察与军队、宪兵一起担负战时陪都的肃奸职能实属当之无愧。其三,在战争形势下,陪都警察的行政执法主体身份进一步衍生,不仅是担负维持治安、打击犯罪、管理消防交通等职责的社会管理机关,还必须具备战时军事作战能力。为此,国家对战时警察教育和警务培训进行了改革,增加了培养警务人员应对战争的军事技能,加强了对其进行政治思想管理的力度,使陪都警察的行政执法主体身份,从单一的警务人员向“亦军亦警”的角色转变。战时警察教育和警察养成的新常态,不仅培养了适应基层需要的警士警长,而且造就了大批具有指挥和领导能力的警官人才。他们平时为警战时为军,发挥了维持社会秩序稳定和抗击日本侵略者的双重职能。战时警察主体身份的另一种衍生是义勇警察组织的创建。战争严重破坏了社会经济发展,造成国家财政拮据,警务经费极度紧张。作为一种非正式警察主体的义勇警察组织的创建,其不仅有效地弥补了战时警务人员的不足,而且节省了战时国家的财政开支。义勇警察是抗战时期警察机关利用民间力量的一次成功试验,实现了警民力量的高度融合。他们在协助警察保卫陪都安全和维护大后方稳定中发挥了极大的作用。要之,本文研究主要取得的学术成果,一是厘清了我国近代意义上的警政制度的源与流:从国外移植进入后,历经清末肇始、民国初期发展,直至南京国民政府前期趋于完善的历史进程。二是探讨了来自异域的近代警政制度在我国的调整和适应过程及其命运和生存状态。三是论述了近代警政制度体系初步形成于国民政府前期。四是论证了抗战爆发后为适应战时之需,对陪都重庆警察常规职能采取的一系列改革措施;并根据战争形势的发展赋予陪都重庆警察以特殊职能,诸如防止应对敌机空袭、肃清汉奸等。五是讨论了陪都警察教育制度的改革,赋予战时警察“亦军亦警”的身份,实现了战时陪都警察主体身份的扩展。六是在战争形势下探索并创立了战时义勇警察制度等。抗日战争胜利已届满70周年,而维护战后国际秩序的较量迄今仍在持续。当前国际关系错综复杂,我国周边安全形势严峻。探讨七十多年前国家战时警政改革的成果和不足,对新时期我国警政发展无疑有着重要的警示和借鉴意义。在全民族抗战期间采取的一系列拱卫陪都安全和维护大后方社会稳定的警政改革措施及其一整套的警务规章制度体系,有些仍然值得在当下国家警政改革进程中进行参考和借鉴。陪都重庆的警政改革,是国家战时警政发展的一个缩影。对维护陪都社会秩序安定、抗战大后方安全及支撑抗战胜利意义重大,更启迪着后人谨记历史,并积极借鉴吸收战时警政发展中的宝贵价值,不断推动中国警政制度向着更为理性、规范和文明的方向发展。
[Abstract]:During the war of resistance against Japan, with the intensification of the Japanese aggression against China, the national government moved the central institution to Chongqing, and Chongqing, as the capital and capital of the war, rose to the state's political, military, economic, cultural and diplomatic centers. Facing the destruction of the enemy forces such as the traitors, the enemy aircraft continued to bombard the rear cities, the refugees were constantly pouring into the police war. As an important part of the state armed forces, the police, as an important part of the state armed forces, have fully implemented the functions of the social control and control of the accompanying capital in wartime, in maintaining the normal order and internal stability of the accompanying society, preventing and combating all kinds of crimes and guaranteeing the people's life. The security of life and property has played a great role and made great contributions to the victory of the war of resistance. For this reason, this article takes the Chongqing as the space-time scope, chooses the wartime police reform as the object of investigation, and takes the function of the police in wartime as the breakthrough point, and makes some supplementary work to this weak link of the war research. The basic logic structure of the article is as follows: from the longitudinal point of view, it traced the introduction of the modern police system in our country and gradually transplanted it through local legislative activities. Accordingly, the early police organization and police system in China were created. After the late Qing Dynasty, the adjustment and adaptation of the period of Beijing government, to the early modern police system base of the national government of Nanjing. And then, from a horizontal point of view, the contents of the reform of the regular function of the Chongqing police, the extension of the special police function in wartime, and the expansion of the main identity of the police in wartime, after the outbreak of the war of resistance against the outbreak of the war, are discussed. Reform, such as replanning police organization and policing construction, improving the wartime security and prevention and control system of the accompanying police, making the more important work of household registration in the police service, improving the fire and traffic management methods of Chongqing in wartime, and constructing the management system of foreign affairs police to meet the international needs, so as to make the police accompanied by the time of war. In order to cope with the continuous strengthening of the Japanese invaders' undifferentiated bombing in Chongqing, the state has extended the normal functional structure of the police and endowed the cop with the air defense function. For the security of the capital in the wartime war and the stability of the social order in the Chongqing area, the importance of the police air defense function of the accompanying capital was raised to an unprecedented height. Although the accompanying police did not connect with the Japanese aggressors in the performance of the air defense function, they were safe for the defence of the people in the rear of the war of resistance and the loss of property. At the same time, it was a strong force to fight against Japanese aggression. At the same time, it was strengthened by the traitor to the country, the criminal law enforcement function of the cop was further extended, and the anti traitors played the role of the main force in the wartime. As the police were the permanent organ for the investigation and arrest in the period of peace, the traitors were cleared from the other administrative executes. The law department is more experienced and professional. It is well deserved to endow the accompanying capital with the army and the military, and the gendarmerie is responsible for the anti - traitor function of the accompanying capital in the wartime. The state must have the ability to combat military operations in wartime. To this end, the state has carried out a reform of the police education and police training in wartime, increasing the military skills to train police officers to cope with the war, strengthening the political thought management of the police, and making the administrative law enforcement owners of the accompanying police officers, from a single police officer to the "also the army." The new normality of police education and police in wartime not only trained the police officers to meet the needs of the grass-roots units, but also brought up a large number of police officers with command and leadership ability. They played the dual functions of maintaining the stable social order and fighting the Japanese aggressors during the wartime war. Another derivation of identity is the creation of the Volunteer Police Organization. The war seriously damaged the social and economic development, caused the state financial constraints, and the police funds were extremely tense. The creation of a volunteer police organization, as an informal police body, not only effectively made up for the shortage of wartime police personnel, but also saved the country's wealth in wartime. The volunteer police is a successful experiment on the use of folk forces during the period of the Anti Japanese War, which has realized the high integration of the police and the people. They have played a great role in assisting the police to safeguard the security of the accompanying capital and maintain the stability of the rear. The source and flow of the police system: after the transplantation from foreign countries, the beginning of the late Qing Dynasty, the initial development of the Republic of China and the improvement of the Nanjing national government in the early period. Two is to discuss the adjustment and adaptation process, the fate and the survival state of the modern police system from foreign countries in our country. Three, the modern police system is discussed. The Department was initially formed in the early period of the national government. Four is to demonstrate a series of reform measures taken to meet the needs of the war time after the outbreak of the war of resistance against the regular functions of the Chongqing police, and to give the Chongqing police of the accompanying capital a special function, such as the prevention of air strikes against enemy aircraft, and the elimination of the traitors, etc. in accordance with the development of the war situation. The five is to discuss the police of the accompanying capital. The reform of the educational system gives the identity of the wartime police "the army and the police", which has realized the expansion of the main body of the police in the wartime. Six, in the war situation, it explored and founded the Volunteer Police System in the wartime. The victory of the war of resistance in the war of resistance has expired 70th anniversary, and the competition for the post war international rank is still continuing. The current international relations are wrong. In a comprehensive way, the surrounding security situation in our country is severe. The achievements and shortcomings of the national wartime police reform more than 70 years ago are undoubtedly of important warning and reference significance to the development of our police administration in the new period. The whole set of policing rules and regulations is still worthy of reference and reference in the process of national police reform. The reform of police and administration in Chongqing is a miniature of the development of national wartime police and politics. It is of great significance to maintaining the social order of the accompanying capital, the security of the rear and the support of the victory of anti war, and more enlightening the future generations to remember the calendar. History, and actively draw on the valuable value of absorbing the wartime police development, and constantly promote the development of China's police system to a more rational, standardized and civilized direction.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D929

【参考文献】