美国新现实主义法学的发展及其启示
发布时间：2018-07-17 00:55
【摘要】：21世纪初,美国的法学界以威斯康星大学法学院为发源地,有系统地提出了以跨学科、经验性研究方式的研究方法,基于现实主义的理论基础的法学研究的理论观点,这一理论研究的新动向迅速地发展成一定规模的学术研究热潮。这股学术研究热潮现在被人统称为“新现实主义法学”。新现实主义法学的产生不是偶然性的,而是具有历史必然性。新现实主义法学的话题是绕不开旧现实主义法学和形式主义。当今社会的快速发展所引发的各个领域新问题如雨后春笋般冒出的同时,传统法学保守、僵化的思维理念只将法律的研究局限于法条的内在逻辑自洽和系统体系化上,对于这种时代的需求是没有回应的能力。而新现实主义法学提出的理论和研究路径就是为了应对现实问题。因此顺应时代的潮流,造就了这股思潮的出现。目前,这股法学思想新思潮内部有不同的研究路径,经过大致归类可以分为:行为主义(又进一步分为行为经济学和态度模式)、语境论和制度主义这三大类。行为经济学采用认知心理学的原理来分析和解释人的行为,与新古典法律与经济学的不同之处在于,不以先验的理性选择模式的理论来阐释现实的行为;态度模式则是指法官的政治意识形态会对判决结果产生重要影响。语境论主张对于法律的理解要结合具体的历史背景才能准确地把握当中的含义;制度主义主张每种制度都有着其内在的偏见,以致于制度安排的结果都会受到偏见的影响,使实际的制度运行与原先的设想有着偏差。之所以称之为“新现实主义法学”,是在于为了和2 0世纪2 0-3 0年代出现的以弗兰克和卢埃林为代表的旧现实主义法学相区别。但“新现实主义法学”和“旧现实主义法学”是有着深厚的理论渊源,前者传承了后者的核心理论观点。新、旧现实主义均采纳了庞德以两分法的方式对法律进行了分析的思想,即法律可分为“行动中的法”和“书本上的法”。而且二者都主张法律研究的关注焦点应该集中于“行动中的法”,因为“书本中的法”在经过一定程序适用到现实的过程中,由于收到现实各种因素的影响而发生偏离,最终形成的是不同与“书本上的法”的“行动中的法”,并且真正对社会中行为人产生约束力的正是“行动中的法”,所以对于现实主义者来说,真正的法是“行动中的法”,对此进行研究才是有意义的。与旧现实主义法学不同的是,新现实主义法学研究的对象所涵盖的范围要更广。新现实主义法学研究对象除了“行动中的法”外,还将关注的目光投向了“活法”,即那些并未被立法机构制定或认可的,但是在现实生活中却能够起到支配人的行为的规范准则,例如产生自经济往来当中的商业准则、习惯和惯例。在研究方法上面,“新现实主义法学”比“旧现实主义法学”走得更远,其主张利用跨学科、经验性研究的方法,并且坚持中立、客观的研究立场来研究“行动中的法”和“活法”。跨学科的研究途径是指可以利用其他社会法学学科的发展成果来指导经验性法学研究,而通过这种研究路径是能够科学、客观地获得现实当中法律运作的具体状况的信息。“新现实主义法学”以获取地现实中法律的运作情况为分析素材,来发现法律与现实之间的差距,并进而通过有效的制度构建来完善法的不足之处。当然,新现实主义法学的研究方法也存在着障碍,忽视这些障碍是可能会阻碍我们正确、有效地得出科学的结论,因此,正视这些障碍不仅无损于新现实主义法学思潮运动,而且能更好地促进这场运动朝着正确的方向发展。新现实主义法学研究对象和研究方法是极具实用主义色彩,主张直面现实中社会发展产生的各种问题并做出积极的回应。而当前中国正面临着社会的转型,社会矛盾尖锐,社会冲突时有发生,可我国已提出“依法治国”的口号多年,社会主义法律体系早已基本建成,却始终不见问题的解决。对此,我们不能不对法学研究和实践中的思想做出反思。对于法治体系的构建,我们更多只注重于法律体系的建设,而法律运行的不理想并没有获得实际的解决方案。因此,对于如何破解中国法治建设的难题,作为美国同一时期发展起来的法学思潮新动向是具有理论和实践的意义。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the twenty-first Century, the law academia of the United States, taking the Law School of University of Wisconsin as the birthplace, systematically put forward the research methods of interdisciplinary, empirical research, and the theoretical viewpoint of legal research based on the theoretical basis of realism. The new trend of this theoretical research rapidly developed into a certain scale of academic research upsurge. The upsurge of the study of the art of art is now referred to as "Neo realism law". The emergence of Neo realism is not accidental, but of historical inevitability. The topic of the Neo realism law is that it is not open to the old realism law and formalism. The new problems of the rapid development of today's society have sprung up like bamboo shoots after the rain At the same time, the traditional law is conservative and the rigid thinking concept only limits the study of law to the internal logical self consistency and systematic systematization of the law. It is not able to respond to the demand of this era. And the theory and research path proposed by the Neo realism law is to deal with the reality. Therefore, it conforms to the trend of the times. It has brought up the emergence of this trend of thought. At present, there are different research paths in this new ideological trend of thought. After roughly categorization, it can be divided into three categories: Behaviorism (further divided into behavioral economics and attitude pattern), contextual theory and institutionalism. Behavioral economics uses the principles of cognitive psychology to analyze and explain people. The difference between the behavior and the neo classical law and economics is that it does not explain the actual behavior with the theory of the transcendental rational choice model, and the attitude pattern is that the political ideology of the judge has an important influence on the outcome of the judgment. The institutionalism claims that each system has its inherent prejudice so that the result of the institutional arrangement will be influenced by prejudice and deviate from the original idea of the actual system. The reason why it is called "Neo realism law" is for Frank and Frank, which appeared in the twentieth Century. Llewellyn is a representative of the old realism law. But the "Neo realism law" and "the old realism law" have a profound theoretical origin, the former inherits the core theory of the latter. Both new and old realism adopt the idea that Pound analyses the law by the way of two points, that is, the law can be divided into "the law". The law in action and the law on books. And the two advocates that the focus of attention in legal research should be focused on the law in action. Because the law in books is applied to reality through a certain procedure, the difference and "book" are finally formed because of the influence of various factors. The law "in action", and the real binding force to the actor in the society, is the "law in action". So for the realists, the real law is the "law in action". The scope of coverage is wider. In addition to the law of action, the object of the Neo realism jurisprudence focuses on the "living law", that is, those that have not been formulated or approved by the legislature, but in real life they can play a dominant role in controlling people's behavior, such as commercial quasi - economic transactions. In the study method, "Neo realism law" is far more distant than "old realism law". It advocates the use of interdisciplinary, empirical research methods, and insists on neutrality and objective research position to study "action law" and "live law". The interdisciplinary approach is to use other societies. The development results of the law discipline will guide the empirical law research, and through this research path is the information that can scientifically and objectively obtain the actual situation of the actual legal operation in the reality. "Neo realism law" takes the operation of the law in the real world as the analysis material to find the gap between the law and the reality. Of course, there are also obstacles in the research method of Neo realism law, which may obstruct us correctly and effectively draw scientific conclusions. Therefore, it is not only nondestructive to the movement of Neo realism law of law, but also better to promote these obstacles. This movement is developing in the right direction. The object and method of the Neo realism law study and research method are very pragmatist color. It advocates facing all kinds of problems arising from the social development in reality and making positive responses. However, China is facing the social transformation, the social contradictions are sharp, and the social conflict happened. After many years of "rule of law", the socialist legal system has been basically built, but it has never been solved. In this regard, we can not reflect on the thought of law research and practice. For the construction of the rule of law, we pay more attention to the construction of the legal system, but the legal operation is not ideal and has not been obtained. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical significance to solve the problem of the construction of the rule of law in China as a new trend of legal trend of thought developed in the same period in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D971.2;D920.0
本文编号：2128313
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the twenty-first Century, the law academia of the United States, taking the Law School of University of Wisconsin as the birthplace, systematically put forward the research methods of interdisciplinary, empirical research, and the theoretical viewpoint of legal research based on the theoretical basis of realism. The new trend of this theoretical research rapidly developed into a certain scale of academic research upsurge. The upsurge of the study of the art of art is now referred to as "Neo realism law". The emergence of Neo realism is not accidental, but of historical inevitability. The topic of the Neo realism law is that it is not open to the old realism law and formalism. The new problems of the rapid development of today's society have sprung up like bamboo shoots after the rain At the same time, the traditional law is conservative and the rigid thinking concept only limits the study of law to the internal logical self consistency and systematic systematization of the law. It is not able to respond to the demand of this era. And the theory and research path proposed by the Neo realism law is to deal with the reality. Therefore, it conforms to the trend of the times. It has brought up the emergence of this trend of thought. At present, there are different research paths in this new ideological trend of thought. After roughly categorization, it can be divided into three categories: Behaviorism (further divided into behavioral economics and attitude pattern), contextual theory and institutionalism. Behavioral economics uses the principles of cognitive psychology to analyze and explain people. The difference between the behavior and the neo classical law and economics is that it does not explain the actual behavior with the theory of the transcendental rational choice model, and the attitude pattern is that the political ideology of the judge has an important influence on the outcome of the judgment. The institutionalism claims that each system has its inherent prejudice so that the result of the institutional arrangement will be influenced by prejudice and deviate from the original idea of the actual system. The reason why it is called "Neo realism law" is for Frank and Frank, which appeared in the twentieth Century. Llewellyn is a representative of the old realism law. But the "Neo realism law" and "the old realism law" have a profound theoretical origin, the former inherits the core theory of the latter. Both new and old realism adopt the idea that Pound analyses the law by the way of two points, that is, the law can be divided into "the law". The law in action and the law on books. And the two advocates that the focus of attention in legal research should be focused on the law in action. Because the law in books is applied to reality through a certain procedure, the difference and "book" are finally formed because of the influence of various factors. The law "in action", and the real binding force to the actor in the society, is the "law in action". So for the realists, the real law is the "law in action". The scope of coverage is wider. In addition to the law of action, the object of the Neo realism jurisprudence focuses on the "living law", that is, those that have not been formulated or approved by the legislature, but in real life they can play a dominant role in controlling people's behavior, such as commercial quasi - economic transactions. In the study method, "Neo realism law" is far more distant than "old realism law". It advocates the use of interdisciplinary, empirical research methods, and insists on neutrality and objective research position to study "action law" and "live law". The interdisciplinary approach is to use other societies. The development results of the law discipline will guide the empirical law research, and through this research path is the information that can scientifically and objectively obtain the actual situation of the actual legal operation in the reality. "Neo realism law" takes the operation of the law in the real world as the analysis material to find the gap between the law and the reality. Of course, there are also obstacles in the research method of Neo realism law, which may obstruct us correctly and effectively draw scientific conclusions. Therefore, it is not only nondestructive to the movement of Neo realism law of law, but also better to promote these obstacles. This movement is developing in the right direction. The object and method of the Neo realism law study and research method are very pragmatist color. It advocates facing all kinds of problems arising from the social development in reality and making positive responses. However, China is facing the social transformation, the social contradictions are sharp, and the social conflict happened. After many years of "rule of law", the socialist legal system has been basically built, but it has never been solved. In this regard, we can not reflect on the thought of law research and practice. For the construction of the rule of law, we pay more attention to the construction of the legal system, but the legal operation is not ideal and has not been obtained. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical significance to solve the problem of the construction of the rule of law in China as a new trend of legal trend of thought developed in the same period in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D971.2;D920.0
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