论斯卡利亚的文本原旨主义
发布时间：2018-08-08 14:12
【摘要】：自美国联邦最高法院通过“马伯里诉麦迪逊”案(Marbury v.Madison)取得宪法解释权后,美国司法部门便开启了通过法律解释推进美国法治进程的历史。从某种意义上说,美国的法制史就是美国的宪法史,而美国的宪法史则是美国宪法解释方法的争论史。美国的学者、法官及律师从不同的视角出发,对如何解释宪法这个问题提出了不同的解释理论。当下呼声最高的莫过于“原旨主义”(Originalism)与“进化宪法论”(Evolving Constitution)两种学说。在原旨主义理论内部,学者们又基于不同的目的提出了不同的解释方法论。其中,支持原旨主义理论的大法官安东尼·斯卡利亚(Antonin Scalia)认为:大法官们在解释宪法时,应当从法律文本出发;在法律含义明确时,尊重法律文本表达的明确含义;在法律含义模糊不清时,应通过恰当的解释方法,获取宪法文本的“原初含义”(original meaning)。随着美国民主立法的发展,美国立法机关颁布了大量的制定法,解释包含《美国宪法》文本在内的法律文本成为大法官们的主要工作。于是,斯卡利亚将他的解释方法论从宪法文本领域拓展到制定法文本领域,提出了文本原旨主义(Text-Originalism)这一法律解释方法论。斯卡利亚是多数民主理论的拥护者,也是严格权力分立的支持者。他推崇形式法治的统治,提倡限制法官的自由裁量权。他认为法官应对法律文本进行合理解释,从而将法律文本表达的所有含义都包括入内。斯卡利亚反对非原旨主义,尤其是进化宪法理论;他反对原旨主义中的“原初意图”理论(original intention),并以原初含义理论代替罗伯特·博克(Robert Bork)的“原意理解”理论(original understanding)。为对法律文本进行合理解释,获得法律文本的原初含义,斯卡利亚整理了一套法律解释方法。这套法律解释方法既有指引性的解释原则,又有具体的解释方法。作为法学家,斯卡利亚从理论上捍卫他的解释方法论;作为大法官,斯卡利亚通过司法实践扩大文本原旨主义的影响。斯卡利亚的这种努力,不仅丰富了美国的法律解释理论及法律解释实践,而且对美国法律文化的发展也有着十分重要的意义。对斯卡利亚的文本原旨主义,国内学者已作了较为深入的研究,但仍有诸多不足。为完善国内的研究,文章分五个部分对斯卡利亚文本原旨主义作系统论述。第一部分探讨斯卡利亚文本原旨主义的理论基础。主要包括斯卡利亚文本原旨主义解释理论的提出,该解释理论依据的政治哲学基础,以及斯卡利亚对非文本原旨主义方法论的批判。第二部分从解释原则、解释方法及其特征三个方面,介绍斯卡利亚文本原旨主义的解释方法。第三部分通过分析斯卡利亚与劳伦斯·却伯(Laurence H.Tribe)、罗纳德·德沃金(Ronald M.Dworkin)之间对文本原旨主义理论的辩论,展现斯卡利亚对文本原旨主义的理论辩护。第四部分是斯卡利亚对文本原旨主义的司法实践。这一部选取斯卡利亚对具体案例的观点阐述及判决推理,论述示斯卡利亚对文本原旨主义的实践工作。第五部分对斯卡利亚文本原旨主义作综合评价,分析其缺陷及对其美国法、中国宪法解释的意义。
[Abstract]:Since the United States Supreme Court obtained the constitutional right to interpret the constitution through the "Marbury v.Madison" case (Marbury v.Madison), the American judicial department opened the history of promoting the process of the rule of law in the United States through legal interpretation. In a sense, the history of the United States is the constitutional history of the United States and the American constitutional history is the interpretation of the constitution of the United States. From different perspectives, American scholars, judges and lawyers put forward different interpretations of the question of how to interpret the constitution. There are no more than two doctrines of "Originalism" and "Evolving Constitution". According to different purposes, different interpretations are put forward. Among them, Antonin Scalia, the grand judge who supports the theory of the original doctrine, thinks that the judges should start from the legal text when they explain the constitution; when the legal meaning is clear, they should respect the clear meaning of the text expression of the law; the legal meaning is blurred. The "original meaning" of the constitutional text (original meaning) should be obtained by the proper method of interpretation. With the development of American democratic legislation, the American legislature has promulgated a large number of formulating laws to explain the legal texts including the constitution of the United States and the main work of the judges. The theory of law extends from the field of constitutional text to the field of legal text, and puts forward the Legal Interpretation Methodology of textual textual doctrine (Text-Originalism). The legal text should be explained in a reasonable way, so that all the meanings of the legal text are included. Scaria objected to the non purport, especially the evolutionary constitution theory; he opposed the original intention theory (original intention), and replaced Robert Bock (Robert Bork) with the original meaning theory. "Original understanding". In order to explain the legal text reasonably and obtain the original meaning of the legal text, Scaria collated a set of legal interpretation methods. This legal interpretation method has both guiding principles and concrete explanations. As a jurist, Scaria defended his solution in theory. The interpretation of methodology; as the chief justice, Scaria expanded the influence of textual criticism through judicial practice. This effort not only enriched the legal interpretation theory and legal interpretation practice of the United States, but also had a very important significance to the development of American legal culture. In order to improve the domestic research, the article is divided into five parts to systematically discuss the essays of the Scalia text. The first part discusses the theoretical basis of the original tenor of the Scaria text, mainly including the original tenor theory of the srkariya text, which is based on the theory of interpretation. The basis of political philosophy, and the critique of Scaria's theory of non textual feminism. The second part introduces the interpretation method of the original tenor in the three aspects of the interpretation principle, the interpretation method and its characteristics. The third part is through the analysis of Scalia and Lauren J Koubo (Laurence), Ronald Dworkin ( Ronald M.Dworkin) a debate between the textual theory of text and the theoretical defence of the textual doctrine of the text. The fourth part is the judicial practice of the textual doctrine of Scaria. The fifth part makes a comprehensive evaluation of Scarlett's textual fundamentalism, analyzes its defects and its significance to the interpretation of American law and Chinese constitution.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2;DD911
[Abstract]:Since the United States Supreme Court obtained the constitutional right to interpret the constitution through the "Marbury v.Madison" case (Marbury v.Madison), the American judicial department opened the history of promoting the process of the rule of law in the United States through legal interpretation. In a sense, the history of the United States is the constitutional history of the United States and the American constitutional history is the interpretation of the constitution of the United States. From different perspectives, American scholars, judges and lawyers put forward different interpretations of the question of how to interpret the constitution. There are no more than two doctrines of "Originalism" and "Evolving Constitution". According to different purposes, different interpretations are put forward. Among them, Antonin Scalia, the grand judge who supports the theory of the original doctrine, thinks that the judges should start from the legal text when they explain the constitution; when the legal meaning is clear, they should respect the clear meaning of the text expression of the law; the legal meaning is blurred. The "original meaning" of the constitutional text (original meaning) should be obtained by the proper method of interpretation. With the development of American democratic legislation, the American legislature has promulgated a large number of formulating laws to explain the legal texts including the constitution of the United States and the main work of the judges. The theory of law extends from the field of constitutional text to the field of legal text, and puts forward the Legal Interpretation Methodology of textual textual doctrine (Text-Originalism). The legal text should be explained in a reasonable way, so that all the meanings of the legal text are included. Scaria objected to the non purport, especially the evolutionary constitution theory; he opposed the original intention theory (original intention), and replaced Robert Bock (Robert Bork) with the original meaning theory. "Original understanding". In order to explain the legal text reasonably and obtain the original meaning of the legal text, Scaria collated a set of legal interpretation methods. This legal interpretation method has both guiding principles and concrete explanations. As a jurist, Scaria defended his solution in theory. The interpretation of methodology; as the chief justice, Scaria expanded the influence of textual criticism through judicial practice. This effort not only enriched the legal interpretation theory and legal interpretation practice of the United States, but also had a very important significance to the development of American legal culture. In order to improve the domestic research, the article is divided into five parts to systematically discuss the essays of the Scalia text. The first part discusses the theoretical basis of the original tenor of the Scaria text, mainly including the original tenor theory of the srkariya text, which is based on the theory of interpretation. The basis of political philosophy, and the critique of Scaria's theory of non textual feminism. The second part introduces the interpretation method of the original tenor in the three aspects of the interpretation principle, the interpretation method and its characteristics. The third part is through the analysis of Scalia and Lauren J Koubo (Laurence), Ronald Dworkin ( Ronald M.Dworkin) a debate between the textual theory of text and the theoretical defence of the textual doctrine of the text. The fourth part is the judicial practice of the textual doctrine of Scaria. The fifth part makes a comprehensive evaluation of Scarlett's textual fundamentalism, analyzes its defects and its significance to the interpretation of American law and Chinese constitution.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2;DD911
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