刑事司法场域中的修辞学及其应用

发布时间：2018-08-12 18:54

【摘要】：修辞学自产生起就与公共政治演说、法庭演说有着根深蒂固的联系。据西方修辞学史学者考证，西方修辞学发端于2500多年前的古希腊时期，科拉克斯和提西阿斯是最早的修辞学家。伴随着雅典论辩氛围日盛，对修辞艺术的需求促使传授修辞学的阶层——智者应运而生，其代表人物是高尔吉亚和普罗泰戈拉。智者们主张运用言辞以说服受众为终极目标，只要在听众的内心产生自己的言说是箴言的心证即可，而对于其言说内容的真假则不予细究。柏拉图猛烈抨击智者派的修辞理论及修辞艺术，他认为修辞应当是引导灵魂向善的艺术，而智者派的修辞理论不过是借操纵语言以蛊惑大众的诡辩术。亚里士多德是古典修辞学研究的集大成者，奠定了修辞学的理论基础。他认为修辞是普遍的原理，修辞学是一门艺术，他肯定了言辞具有说服的力量，同时又将这种力量的获取与使用从智者派急功近利的“雕虫小技”中拯救出来，重新注入理性化与人文化的实质。古罗马帝国承继并吸收了希腊人开创的修辞学理论，西塞罗与昆体良的修辞思想是古罗马修辞学的标杆。中世纪时期，古典修辞理论融入浓厚的宗教色彩，被迫全然依照基督教宗教意识形态的需求而对自身进行调整。20世纪中叶修辞学再次复兴，其代表性理论主要有佩雷尔曼的新修辞学，图尔敏的“图尔敏模式”，伯克的“同一性”理论，以及哈贝马斯的交往行为理论与法律商谈理论等，此时修辞的目的转向沟通、合作，，达成社会之和谐。西方修辞学的发展历经两次繁荣期。一为以亚里士多德为代表的古典修辞学；二为20世纪中后期西方的非形式逻辑运动。本文选取这两个时期的经典理论——亚里士多德的古典修辞学理论与佩雷尔曼的新修辞学理论。亚里士多德的古典修辞学理论中将说服对方，取得演说成功的手段分为人为手段与非人为手段。人为手段就是亚里士多德的逻辑证明（修辞式推理与例证法）、品格证明与情感证明。佩雷尔曼“新修辞学”论辩理论提出了获得听众认同的“出发点”理论和论辩技巧等。当下人际交往日趋频繁，社会纠纷复杂多变，而修辞学是人类通往理解和沟通之门、解决彼此分歧、达到社会和谐的行之有效的途径，无论亚里士多德还是佩雷尔曼的修辞学理论都不约而同地关注着司法过程中的法律修辞学及其应用。在刑事司法场域中，法官、检察官、犯罪嫌疑人、被害人等是这一司法过程的参与主体，而如何构建良性的司法机制，既是一个理论问题，也是构建和谐司法环境下修辞学重返其发源地司法场域并发挥其应有作用的一个迫切的现实问题。我国刑事司法改革强调社区司法矫正功能、构建刑事能动司法与和谐司法等，但司法实践中应如何操作，操作过程中何种理论可有效解决司法现实中的问题，都值得深入研究。正因如此，本文选取刑事司法这一特定“场域”，检察官在法庭论辩、刑事和解以及美国辩诉交易制度中对修辞学理论的应用视角，运用修辞学这一“柔性”工具指导刑事司法实践，以期在我国刑事司法改革中引入修辞学以填补理论研究的空白，带来全新的视角，具有方法论上的意义。
[Abstract]:Rhetoric has a deep-rooted connection with public political speeches and court speeches. According to the textual research of western rhetoric historians, Western Rhetoric Originated in ancient Greece 2500 years ago, and Corax and Thesias were the earliest rhetoricians. The class of rhetoric, the wise, emerged as the times required. The representatives of the wise were Gorgia and Protagoras. The wise advocated the ultimate goal of persuading the audience by using words, so long as the hearts of the listeners were endowed with their own proof of proverbs, but the truth and falsehood of their words were not examined. Plato slammed the wise. Aristotle is a master of classical rhetoric, which lays a theoretical foundation for rhetoric. He believes that rhetoric is a universal principle and that rhetoric is rhetoric. An art, he affirmed the power of persuasion in words, and at the same time, he saved the acquisition and use of this power from the wise school's quick success and instant benefit of "carving insects" and reinjected the essence of rationalization and human culture.
The ancient Roman Empire inherited and absorbed the rhetoric theories initiated by the Greeks. The rhetoric thoughts of Cicero and Quentillan were the benchmarks of the ancient Roman rhetoric. The revival of his representative theories mainly includes Perelman's new rhetoric, Turmin's "Turmin Model", Burke's "Identity" theory, and Habermas'theory of communicative behavior and legal negotiation theory. At this time, the purpose of rhetoric turns to communication, cooperation and social harmony.
The development of western rhetoric has gone through two prosperous periods. One is the classical rhetoric represented by Aristotle; the other is the informal logic movement in the late 20th century. This paper selects the classical theories of these two periods, Aristotle's classical rhetoric theory and Perelman's new rhetoric theory. Aristotle's ancient In the theory of classical rhetoric, the means of persuading the other party to succeed in a speech are divided into man-made means and non-man-made means.Man-made means are Aristotle's logical proof (rhetorical reasoning and illustration), character proof and emotional proof.Perelman's theory of "new rhetoric" puts forward the theory of "starting point" which is accepted by the audience. Discussion and argumentation skills.
Nowadays, interpersonal communication is becoming more and more frequent and social disputes are complicated and changeable. Rhetoric is an effective way for human beings to understand and communicate, to resolve their differences and to achieve social harmony. Both Aristotle's and Perelman's rhetoric theories pay close attention to Legal Rhetoric and its application in the judicial process. In the field of criminal justice, judges, prosecutors, criminal suspects, victims and so on are the main participants in this judicial process. How to construct a benign judicial mechanism is not only a theoretical problem, but also an urgent practical problem to construct rhetoric in a harmonious judicial environment to return to its birthplace and play its due role in the judicial field. China's criminal judicial reform emphasizes the function of community Judicial Correction and the construction of criminal active justice and harmonious justice, but how to operate in judicial practice and what theory can effectively solve the problems in judicial reality in the process of operation deserve further study. From the perspective of application of rhetoric theory in argumentation, criminal reconciliation and plea bargaining system in the United States, rhetoric is used as a flexible tool to guide the practice of criminal justice, with a view to introducing rhetoric into China's criminal justice reform to fill the gaps in theoretical research and bringing a new perspective with methodological significance.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D90-055;D914

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