合情推理在侦查实践中的应用

发布时间：2018-08-18 08:25

【摘要】：在侦查实践中，侦查人员如何在有限的时间内获取痕迹物证，抓获犯罪嫌疑人，一般依靠专业知识与逻辑知识相结合而达到目的。此过程被广为运用的逻辑知识主要以传统逻辑为主。随着侦查逻辑学的发展，大多数学者在不同程度上引入一些现代逻辑的知识，但由于其理论较为繁琐，在侦查实践中不太实用，以至于现如今尚以传统逻辑占主导地位。鉴于此，，本文旨在通过对合情推理理论的分析与研究，希冀推动侦查逻辑理论基础进一步发展，同时为侦查实践提供一些实用的推理方法。乔治·波利亚认为，合情推理是一种为猜想提供依据的或然性推理模式，其包含着“观察、归纳、类比、实验、联想、矫正、猜测、调控等方法。在侦查逻辑中，引入合情推理理论具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。在理论上，波利亚所提出合情推理主要针对数学领域，后经国内学者引用也不外乎在数学领域左右徘徊，而将其与侦查实践相结合进行研究微乎其微。为此，进行跨学科的研究不仅具有理论的借鉴意义，且可呈现出其创新的价值。在现实中，刑事案件产生的多样性和不确定性，从而使得对诸多案件事实的认知往往只有合情的根据，而没有进行证实的必要。因此，在侦查实践中引入合情推理理论，不仅有助于获取痕迹物证，抓获犯罪嫌疑人，而且对于提高侦查人员逻辑推理水平都具有重要的现实意义。尽管合情推理在侦查实践中的运用未获得与演绎逻辑同等重视的程度，但侦查各个环节中却无处不在运用着合情推理。合情推理与传统逻辑的区别，就在于其可以结合各种背景知识予以运用，这也正是“合情”的价值所在。合情推理没有受到学者们足够重视的原因不外乎两个方面：一是合情推理理论在侦查实践中引入较晚，尚未被更多的学者们认识；二是合情推理的结论是或然的，尽管其具有较大创造性，但其研究难度远远大于演绎推理。本文通过以下四部分介绍合情推理在侦查实践中的应用，希望对侦查理论和实践有所裨益。第一部分：合情推理溯源：从逻辑谱系学角度考查。主要介绍亚里士多德、黑格尔、皮尔士对逻辑的分类，进而导出波利亚的分类法，了解这些分类之间的紧密联系。第二部分：合情推理的基本理论。主要总结了合情、推理和合情推理的一些基础性知识，进而将合情推理与传统逻辑中较为重要的推理形式进行比较，同时也介绍了其与经验和直觉的关系，希望能更加明确了解合情推理。第三部分：侦查实践中合情推理模式的形成过程。主要介绍运用合情推理模式的过程，同时也对合情推理模式较为系统阐述，且提出了合情推理择优过程所运用的方法。第四部分：合情推理模式在侦查实践中具体运用。主要说明了合情推理模式在刑事案例中的灵活性，在实例中认识合情推理的各大模式，同时也介绍了合情推理在侦查实践中的意义。
[Abstract]:In the practice of investigation, the investigators usually rely on the combination of professional knowledge and logical knowledge to obtain trace evidence and capture criminal suspects within a limited time. The logic knowledge widely used in this process is mainly based on traditional logic. In view of this, this paper aims to promote the further development of the theoretical basis of investigative logic and provide some suggestions for investigative practice by analyzing and studying the theory of reasonable reasoning. Practical reasoning methods.
George Polia believes that reasonable reasoning is a probabilistic reasoning model which provides a basis for guessing. It includes observation, induction, analogy, experiment, association, correction, guess, regulation and other methods. In investigative logic, the introduction of reasonable reasoning theory has great theoretical and practical significance. The theory mainly aims at the field of mathematics, and later cited by domestic scholars is nothing more than lingering in the field of mathematics, and the combination of it with the practice of investigation is very little. Therefore, the introduction of reasonable reasoning theory into the investigation practice is not only helpful to obtain trace evidence, capture the criminal suspect, but also has important practical significance for improving the level of logical reasoning of investigators.
Although the application of reasonable reasoning in investigative practice has not been paid equal attention to as deductive logic, it is ubiquitous in all aspects of investigation. There are two reasons why scholars attach enough importance to it. One is that the theory of reasonable reasoning was introduced late in the investigation practice and has not been recognized by more scholars. The other is that the conclusion of reasonable reasoning is probable, although it is more creative, but its research is far more difficult than deductive reasoning. The application of plausible reasoning in investigative practice is hoped to be beneficial to the theory and practice of investigation.
The first part: Reasonable reasoning traces back to the source: from the perspective of logical genealogy, mainly introduces the classification of logic by Aristotle, Hegel and Pierce, and then derives Polya's classification to understand the close relationship between these classifications.
The second part: the basic theory of reasonable reasoning. It mainly summarizes some basic knowledge of reasonable reasoning, reasoning and reasonable reasoning, and then compares reasonable reasoning with the more important reasoning forms in traditional logic. It also introduces the relationship between reasonable reasoning and experience and intuition, hoping to understand more clearly the reasonable reasoning.
The third part: the formation process of the reasonable reasoning mode in the investigation practice. It mainly introduces the process of using the reasonable reasoning mode. It also expounds the reasonable reasoning mode systematically, and puts forward the method of the reasonable reasoning process.
The fourth part: the application of the reasonable reasoning mode in the investigation practice. It mainly explains the flexibility of the reasonable reasoning mode in the criminal cases, recognizes the various modes of the reasonable reasoning in the examples, and also introduces the significance of the reasonable reasoning in the investigation practice.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D90-051

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