论中国民国时期法律体系的建构

发布时间：2018-10-11 17:51

【摘要】：中国法律历史悠久,但自中国法制史上第一部比较系统的成文法典《法经》开了“诸法合体,民刑不分”的法典编纂体例的先河之后,中国法律文本一直以制定综合性法典为原则。虽然也辅之以一些单项法律文件的方式,但实体法与程序法合一、民事法与刑事法一体的法典编纂方式始终是法律文本的主流。清末以降,随着中华法系的解体与西方先进法文化的输入,中国传统法制经受了各种挑战。从19世纪中叶之后的洋务派的引进西法,到戊戌变法,再到清末法制改革和部门法编订开始,该种法典编纂体例慢慢被打破,此后历经民国南京临时政府时期、北洋政府时期和南京国民政府时期,便形成了民国时期的法律体系,这当然以“六法全书”的形成为其代表。民国时期法律体系的建构是一个循序渐进的过程,对其建构的背景和基础需要首先加以分析,其次是对其建构的过程进行介绍,再次是对其基本框架和主要特点的分析,最后是对其基本经验的深层次挖掘和阐释。民国时期法律体系建构的背景主要有危机的促使与利益的诱导、西方法文化的输入、司法的努力配合、法家的推动、自然经济的解体与资本主义经济的兴起；其建构的基础为“洋务运动”与西法引进、戊戌变法与法制改革、清末新政与变法修律；其建构的过程则分为三个阶段,一是南京临时政府对近代法律体系的建构,二是北洋政府对近代法律体系的建构,三是南京国民政府对近代法律体系的建构；其基本框架则包括宪法、民法、刑法、民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法和行政法；其主要特点则体现为：结构体例的丰富——由诸法合体到六法体系,法律地位的上升——由君权至上到法律至上,司法独立的出现——由行政与司法合一到司法独立,保护对象的转移——由自然经济到资本主义经济,根本原则的转变——由主权在君到主权在民,司法价值的进步——由专制主义到人道主义；至于民国时期法律体系建构的基本经验,则主要体现为以法律继承和法律移植为主要手段,以本土化与国际化为基本目标。认真分析和研究以上一些基本问题,具有很强的理论意义和实践意义。如今,“建立中国特色社会主义法律体系”是我们面对的重要任务。如何建立,我国法律体系建构过程中又存在哪些问题,这仍然需要我们解答。民国时期法律体系的建构在法律继承与法律移植以及本土化与国际化方面所体现出来的一些基本经验,对于我国现阶段正在进行的中国特色社会主义法律体系的建构是有着很强的借鉴意义的。这一切,似乎可以通过对民国时期法律体系的建构的研究而得到些许启示。
[Abstract]:China has a long history of law, but since the first systematic written code in the history of the Chinese legal system, "the combination of laws, no division of civil and criminal punishment", Chinese legal texts have always been based on the principle of formulating comprehensive codes. Although it is supplemented by some individual legal documents, the substantive law and the procedural law are combined, and the codification of civil law and criminal law is always the mainstream of the legal text. At the end of Qing Dynasty, with the disintegration of Chinese legal system and the import of western advanced legal culture, Chinese traditional legal system experienced various challenges. From the introduction of Westernization after the mid-19th century to the Reform Movement of 1898, to the reform of the legal system in the late Qing Dynasty and the compilation of the Ministry Law, the codification system was gradually broken down, and then it went through the period of the Nanjing interim Government of the Republic of China. During the period of Beiyang Government and Nanjing National Government, the legal system of the Republic of China was formed, which of course was represented by the formation of the book of the six laws. The construction of legal system in the period of the Republic of China is a gradual process. The background and foundation of its construction need to be analyzed first, then the process of its construction is introduced, and then the basic framework and main characteristics are analyzed. The last part is the deep excavation and interpretation of its basic experience. The background of the legal system construction in the period of the Republic of China mainly includes crisis promotion and interest induction, the input of western method culture, the cooperation of judicial efforts, the promotion of legalists, the disintegration of natural economy and the rise of capitalist economy. Its construction is based on the "Westernization Movement" and the introduction of Western France, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the legal system Reform, the New deal and the Law Reform in the late Qing Dynasty, and the process of its construction is divided into three stages, one is the construction of the modern legal system by the Nanjing Provisional Government. The second is the construction of the modern legal system by the Beiyang government, the third is the construction of the modern legal system by the Nanjing National Government, the basic framework of which includes constitution, civil law, criminal law, civil procedure law, criminal procedure law and administrative law. Its main features are as follows: the richness of structure, from the combination of various laws to the six laws, the rise of legal status from the supremacy of monarchy to the supremacy of law, the emergence of judicial independence, from the integration of administration and judicature to judicial independence. The transfer of the object of protection from natural economy to capitalist economy, the change of fundamental principle from sovereignty to sovereignty in the people, the progress of judicial value from autocracy to humanitarianism; As for the basic experience in the construction of the legal system during the Republic of China, it is mainly embodied in the legal succession and legal transplantation as the main means, and in the localization and internationalization as the basic goal. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze and study these basic problems. Nowadays, the establishment of socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics is an important task we face. How to establish and what problems exist in the process of legal system construction in our country, which still needs us to answer. The construction of the legal system during the Republic of China showed some basic experiences in the aspects of legal inheritance, legal transplantation, localization and internationalization. It is of great significance for the construction of socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics at the present stage of our country. It'seems that we can get some enlightenment through the study of the construction of the legal system in the Republic of China.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D929

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