守法与违法之间：法经济学视角下的行为选择分析

发布时间：2019-06-19 23:39

【摘要】：法治的最终目标是法的实现，守法问题是法学理论和社会主义法治建设领域中的一个重要论题，探究守法者行为选择的逻辑已日趋重要。只有当正义之法真正内化成公众的内心认同，法律才能真正有效地被普遍遵守。我国学者对于守法问题的研究偏重于对守法伦理的诉求和守法精神的塑造，较少考虑他们所处的市场经济环境，更缺少对社会成员守法动机的探求。利用法经济学中成本-收益的分析方法可以发现，左右人们守法与否的根本原因在于行为人对守法成本与违法成本的考量。当守法成本低于违法成本时，此时守法对于行为人而言就是有收益的，“理性经济人”便会做出守法的行为选择；当守法成本高于违法成本时，此时守法对于行为人而言是无利可图的，行为人受逐利本性的驱使会做出违法的行为选择。我国在进行法治建设实践的过程中，必须在降低守法成本的同时让违法者支付高额的违法成本，并使守法者获得应有的利益和奖励，以保证法律能被有效地遵守。因此，本文通过对行为人行为动因的剖析来揭露现代社会中法律控制力的问题，运用法经济学的分析方法就守法和违法问题进行原理分析及量化验证，打破传统法学抽象、思辨的研究逻辑存在的局限性，从而找出培养公民守法观念与习惯的可行性路径。本文主要由四个部分构成。第一部分：守法与违法在法经济学视角下的特点以及行为选择与法律的交换关系。在法经济学的视角下探讨守法与违法的内涵、外延及性质，介绍守法与违法行为选择的特点与基本原则，同时将成本-收益的思维方式引入其中，得到行为选择与法律的交换模式，即守法行为与法律呈正交换关系，违法行为与法律呈负交换关系。第二部分：守法与违法行为选择的模型分析和守法与违法经济成本的构成要素分析。首先，通过图形曲线构建出守法与违法行为选择的各种模型，即牵涉个人基本生存利益时的绝对化行为模型、行为主体对法律的需求模型、加入政府调控行为后的法律供给模型。其次，运用赋值的方法对行为选择曲线进行初步验证。最后，分析守法与违法经济成本的构成要素，并根据理论研究得出相关公式，探寻出影响行为人进行守法与违法行为选择的根本性因素在于行为人对守法成本与违法成本的比较与衡量，只有守法成本低于违法成本的时候，行为人才会从内心认同法律规范，从而作用于外，做出守法的行为选择。第三部分：守法与违法行为模式的实践验证。以“酒驾入罪”的社会现象为例，运用成本-收益的经济分析方法对前文的各理论要点进行实证验证。第一，法律应以保障民生为先。这是人类对于基本生存权利所作出行为选择的绝对性原理，也是法律规范制定和修改必须遵从、不容忽视的原理。第二，违法行为选择与处罚强度之间是呈反比例关系的。处罚强度越大违法行为就越少发生。第三，守法是行为人基于守法与违法成本的比较而做出的选择结果。第四部分：守法趋向的培育和养成。根据前文的理论分析和实践验证可知，要养成公民守法的习惯，，就要尽可能地降低守法成本、提高违法成本，让法律规范变得更加经济与便捷。并根据结论提出完善我国法律规制的建议，以便更好地培养公众的守法趋向。立法方面，应首先注重法治对人性的引导作用，保障守法者的各项利益，尤其是公众的基本生存权利。其次要充分考虑到守法成本与违法成本对行为人的影响，把守法成本降到最低。另外还要建立健全有效的激励机制，以增加行为人的守法积极性。司法方面要做到罪当其行，把握好惩罚的力度，既不能惩罚过度，也不可惩处不足。执法方面，执法者要注重提高执法概率，加大违法行为的成本。
[Abstract]:The ultimate goal of the rule of law is the realization of law, the law-abiding problem is an important topic in the field of law theory and the construction of the socialist rule of law, and the logic of exploring the behavior choice of the law-abiding people is becoming more and more important. Only when the law of justice truly becomes the inner identity of the public, the law can be truly and effectively adhered to. The study of the law-abiding problems of Chinese scholars is more important than the pursuit of the law-abiding ethics and the spirit of the law-abiding, and the market economy environment in which they are located is less considered, and the search for the law-abiding motivation of the members of the society is more lacking. By using the method of cost-benefit analysis in the method of law economics, it can be found that the root cause of the law-abiding or non-compliance of the right and left people is that the actor's consideration of the law-abiding cost and the illegal cost. When the law-abiding cost is lower than the illegal cost, when the law-abiding cost is the benefit of the actor, the "rational economic person" will make the law-abiding behavior choice; when the law-abiding cost is higher than the illegal cost, the law-abiding cost is not profitable for the actor, The perpetrator is driven by a man-by-one nature to make an illegal act. In the course of the practice of the rule of law construction in our country, the law-abiding cost should be reduced, the law-abiding person should pay the high illegal cost, and the law-abiding person should be given the necessary benefits and rewards, so as to ensure that the law can be effectively observed. Therefore, through the analysis of the cause of the actor's behavior to reveal the problem of the legal control in the modern society, the author uses the method of law economics to analyze and verify the law-abiding and illegal problems, and break the limitation of the traditional law abstraction and the speculative research logic. So as to find out the feasible path of cultivating the concept and the habit of the citizen's law. This paper is mainly composed of four parts The first part: the characteristics of law-abiding and illegal in the perspective of law and economics, and the intersection of the choice of behavior and the law On the basis of law and economics, the connotation, denotation and nature of law-abiding and illegal are discussed, the characteristics and basic principles of the choice of law-abiding and illegal behaviors are introduced. At the same time, the thinking way of cost-income is introduced, and the choice of behavior and the intersection of law are obtained. The change mode, that is, the law-abiding act is in the positive exchange relationship with the law, and the illegal act is negative with the law. The second part: the model analysis of the choice of law-abiding and illegal behavior and the structure of the law-abiding and illegal economic cost In the first part, various models of the choice of law-abiding and illegal behaviors are constructed through the graph curve, that is, the absolute behavior model in the interest of the individual's basic survival, the demand model of the behavior subject to the law, and the law after the government's regulation and control behavior is added. Secondly, the method of assignment is applied to the behavior selection curve. In the end, the constituent elements of law-abiding and illegal economic cost are analyzed, and the relevant formula is obtained according to the theoretical study, and the fundamental factors that influence the choice of law-abiding and illegal behaviors of the actor are found. Compared with the measurement, only when the law-abiding cost is lower than the illegal cost, the behavior talents will recognize the legal norms from the inner, thus acting on the outside and abiding by the law The third part: law-abiding and illegal The practical verification of the model. Taking the social phenomenon of the "to be in charge of wine" as an example, the economic analysis method of the cost-income is applied to the above theories. Point-to-point verification. First, the law should in order to guarantee the people's livelihood first, this is the absolute principle of the choice of the behavior of the human being for the basic living right, and it is also the legal norm development and modification that must be followed, The principle of not being ignored. Second, between the choice of the illegal act and the intensity of the punishment. In an anti-proportional relationship. The greater the penalty is, the greater the law. The less the act is. Third, the law-abiding is the comparison of the doer based on the law-abiding and the illegal cost The results of the selection. Part IV: Gatekeeper According to the above-mentioned theoretical analysis and practical verification, it can be found that it is necessary to reduce the law-abiding cost as much as possible, to improve the illegal cost and to make the legal norm It has become more economical and convenient. Based on the conclusion, it is suggested to improve the legal regulation of our country, so as to make it more economical and convenient. To train the law-abiding trend of the public. In the aspect of legislation, it is necessary to focus on the guiding role of the rule of law on human nature and to safeguard the interests of the law-abiding people, especially the law-abiding people. Second, the influence of the law-abiding cost and the illegal cost on the actor should be fully taken into account. Reduce the cost of the law to the minimum. Establish a sound incentive mechanism to increase The law-abiding enthusiasm of the doer. In the aspect of the administration of justice, it is not only possible to punish the crime when it is in line and to grasp the punishment. in that case of law enforcement, law enforcement should focus on improving the probability of law enforcement,
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D920.0

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