中国第三部门的法理学研究

发布时间：2019-06-26 21:50

【摘要】：近代社会以来,民主政治和市场经济以其对公民权利和人的主体价值的弘扬,为第三部门的产生和发展提供了必要的土壤,而第三部门也以其强烈的社会责任感和自律精神为民主与法治提供了动力和保障。权力制约和权利保障已经成为民主与法治的轴心。这就要求构建社会权利与国家权力之间的良好关系,扩大社会权利的运行范围,增强社会权利的自律能力,构建规范社会权利运行的相关制度。中国近30年的历史已经证明,第三部门伴随着改革开放的洪流而生,在市场经济发展的浪潮涌动中生生不息,以其独有的方式使中国公民彼此携起手来,为社会主义建设贡献力量。汲取历史经验,立足于现实,展望未来,不难发现在中国这样的社会主义国家,构建社会主义和谐社会的伟大目标决定了社会权利与政治权力之间在运行方向上是一致的,提倡公民权利保障,规范社会权利运行体系的根本目的是满足人民需要,为人民谋福利。从这个意义上说,“为人民服务”不但是中国国家权力运行的根本目标,也是第三部门发展的终极目的。这一目的决定了中国第三部门的发展必须走出一条不同于西方国家的,具有中国特色的道路。事实上,法律在具有一定普适性的同时,其本身也是一种“地方性知识”,由于各国在历史文化、社会结构、民族性格等方面的不同,其法律制度也呈现出千差万别的特征,因此,要构建中国特色的第三部门法律制度就必须立足于中国的现实社会状况,以马克思主义理论和中国社会主义法治理念为指导,寻找第三部门的理论基础,探索在中国制度环境下第三部门发展的有效路径。本着理论与实践相结合,以理论指导实践的精神,本文采取了从理论基础到制度构建的研究方式。首先,对中国第三部门的发展现状进行客观认识,以事实为基础,对中国第三部门所具有的不同于西方国家第三部门的特征进行梳理,在此为依托,对其功能进行阐述,并总结得出第三部门对法治发展的重要意义。其次,辨明中国第三部门的理论根基。一直以来,市民社会理论都被认为是第三部门的理论基础。西方国家的学者普遍认为第三部门的理论基础经过哈贝马斯、柯亨及阿拉托的精彩演绎之后经历了一场由“市民社会——政治国家”的二元分立模式到“经济领域——市民社会——政治国家”的三元分立模式的转变。上世纪60年代之后,第三部门在西方国家的蓬勃发展正是这一社会结构之变革的有力体现。然而,将国家与社会之关系置于中国的历史传统和现实国情范围内进行考察时,不难发现,如果将西方国家第三部门的理论基础直接照搬或套用于中国第三部门的研究,势必发生理论与现实的严重脱轨,进而产生中国第三部门的发展背离“为人民服务”这一宗旨的可能性。因此,坚持以马克思市民社会理论为基础,并以包容的、开放的态度对待西方市民社会理论发展过程中的其他相关学说,汲取其精华,才能够真正起到夯实中国第三部门理论基础的作用。此外,在对权力制约模式和“以社会制约权力”模式进行比较分析的基础上,展开对完善我国权力制约机制的思考,以社会与国家之关系的演变为视角,厘清第三部门与权力制约之间的关联性,以此体现第三部门对构建中国特色权力制约机制的重要意义。再次,明确第三部门的法律权利和义务,并就制度构建过程中的主要问题进行分析和探讨,使对第三部门的研究从基础理论迈向具体制度构建。法律权利方面,第三部门作为社会发展的重要推动力量,其以强烈的社会责任感和公共意识在社会生活的方方面面发挥着不可替代的巨大作用,然而,现实的制度困境却使第三部门不得不在“制度夹缝”中艰难徘徊,顽强生长。要改变这种状况,就必须对第三部门作为非营利组织和社会参与组织的相关权利进行法律上的界定,并以制度保障的方式为其营造良好的发展环境。法律义务方面,以对第三部门公共责任问题的讨论为起点,明确其法定义务,并以相关的义务监督机制来保证第三部门运行的规范性。最终形成中国特色的权利义务相互配合、协调发展的制度模式。以马克思主义理论和社会主义法治理念为指导,构建国家与社会之间的良性互动发展模式,并通过划定第三部门权利义务的运行轨迹的方式,确保第三部门的发展始终与社会主义和谐社会的总体目标相一致。只有这样,才能使第三部门成为中国国家发展和法治进程的重要推动力量,从而推动社会主义法治国家的早日建立。
[Abstract]:Since the modern society, the democratic politics and the market economy have provided the necessary soil for the production and development of the third sector with the carrying forward of the citizen's rights and the main value of the human body. The third part also provides the power and guarantee for democracy and the rule of law with its strong sense of social responsibility and self-discipline. The restriction of power and the guarantee of rights have become the axis of democracy and the rule of law. This requires the construction of a good relationship between the social rights and the state power, the expansion of the operating scope of the social rights, the strengthening of the self-discipline of the social rights, and the construction of the relevant system for regulating the operation of the social rights. The history of China's nearly 30 years has proved that the third sector is born with the flood of the reform and opening-up, and in the tide of the development of the market economy, the tide of the development of the market economy is growing, and the Chinese citizens join hands with each other in a unique way and contribute to the building of the socialist construction. Based on the experience of history, based on the reality and looking forward, it is not difficult to find that in a socialist country such as China, the great goal of building a socialist harmonious society determines that the social rights and political power are consistent in the direction of operation, and advocates the protection of the civil rights. The fundamental purpose of the system of regulating the system of social rights is to meet the needs of the people and to benefit the people. In this sense, the "to serve the people" is not only the fundamental goal of the power operation in China, but also the ultimate goal of the development of the third sector. This objective has determined that the development of the third sector of China must come out of a way that is different from that of the western countries and has Chinese characteristics. In fact, the law has a certain universality, and it is also a kind of "local knowledge", because of the differences in the historical culture, the social structure, the national character and so on, the legal system of the law also presents a thousand different features, The third department's legal system, which is to be built with Chinese characteristics, must be based on the realistic social situation of China, guided by the theory of Marxism and the concept of the socialist rule of law in China, and seek the theoretical foundation of the third sector and explore the effective way for the development of the third sector in the environment of the Chinese system. In the light of the combination of theory and practice, in order to guide the spirit of practice, this paper takes the study party from the theory foundation to the system construction. First, to make an objective understanding of the current situation of the development of the third sector in China, and on the basis of the facts, to comb the features of the third sector of China, which is different from that of the third sector of the western countries. The article expounds and summarizes the weight of the third department in the development of the rule of law. To make sense. Second, identify the third part of China The theory of the civil society has been regarded as the third sector. The theoretical basis of the third department is widely believed by the scholars in the western countries, and after the wonderful deduction of Habermas, Cohn and Alatoto, it has experienced a three-way separation from the binary discrete model of the "civil society _ political country" to the "Economic area _ civil society _ political country" The development of the third sector in the western countries is the change of this social structure after the 1960s. However, it is not difficult to find out that the theory and the reality of the third sector of the western countries will have to happen if the theoretical basis of the third department of the western countries is directly copied or used in the research of the third part of China. The development of the third sector of China is a departure from the "to serve the people". Therefore, on the basis of Marx's civil society theory, and with an inclusive and open-minded attitude to the other relevant theories in the development of the western civil society, it can really play a key role in the consolidation of the theory of the third sector in China In addition, on the basis of the comparative analysis of the power restriction mode and the "the power of social restriction" mode, the paper develops the thinking of improving the power restriction mechanism of our country, taking the evolution of the relationship between the society and the state as a visual angle, and clarifying the third department and the power restriction. The relationship between the third department and the building of the Chinese characteristic power restriction mechanism is reflected in this way The important meaning of the third department is to analyze and discuss the main problems in the construction of the system, so as to make the research on the third department from the basic theory. In the field of legal rights, the third department, as an important driving force for social development, plays an irreplaceable role in all aspects of social life in a strong sense of social responsibility and public awareness The great effect, however, the reality of the institutional dilemma has forced the third sector to be hard in the "system clamp" In order to change this situation, it is necessary to legally define the rights of the third sector as a non-profit organization and a social participation organization, and to create it in a systematic way Good development environment. The legal obligation, in order to start with the discussion of the public responsibility of the third department, clear its legal obligations, and guarantee the third part with the related obligation supervision mechanism The normative of the operation of the door. The rights and obligations that finally form the Chinese characteristics cooperate and coordinate with each other. The development of the system model. Guided by the theory of Marxism and the concept of the socialist rule of law, the model of the benign interaction between the state and society is established, and the right of the third department is defined. The way of the running track of the affairs to ensure that the development of the third department is always in harmony with the socialist harmonious society Only in this way can the third sector become an important driving force for China's national development and the rule of law process, thus promoting socialism
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D90;D632.9

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