加拿大规制影响分析制度研究

发布时间：2019-07-04 17:29

【摘要】：20世纪70年代以来,随着世界经济全球化的发展,为了能够有效提高国家综合竞争能力,以美国为首的西方发达国家发起了以规制政策制定和规制治理为主要内容的改革。其中,规制影响分析正是制定规制政策工具中的一项主要工具。经过三十多年的实践和发展,规制影响分析已经成为西方国家提高政府行为效益、提高公众参与度、改善政府问责制、改善立法和政策制定过程的重要规制工具。加拿大是经合组织成员国中成功实施规制改革的代表之一。经过二十多年的艰辛探索,终于形成一套运行良好且成熟有效的规制管理体系。其中最具有借鉴意义的当属成本—效益分析方法的适用以及规制影响分析制度中的公众参与。由于成本—效益分析方法能够同时反映规制的积极效应和负面效应,与制定公共政策的目标相一致且适用情形广泛,因此,将这一经济学上不可或缺的分析方法引入规制影响分析中,对评估一项立法的合理性有重要意义,它能够正确的评估立法的得失,从而指导立法活动的过程。加拿大政府首先将定量化和货币化作为成本-效益分析的核心,再将其加以折现,最后对折现后的成本和效益进行比较得出“净现值”,如果得出的“净现值”大于或等于零,则说明效益大于成本,规制应当实行；反之,则不能予以实行。与此同时,通过制定和实施《规制程序的效益-成本分析指南》,加以具体规范和法律保障。另一方研,加拿大作为具有深厚公众参与基础的联邦制国家,高度重视公众参与在政府改革中的作用,加之公众参与作为规制影响分析制度的重要内容,因此,加拿大政府力图实现在规制影响分析制度框架下实现公众参与最大化,为此,加拿大政府作出多方而努力和探索。首先,通过制定颁布《法定文件法》、《规制公平公民守则》、《内阁关于法规规范化的指令》、《公众参与指南》等法律文件,在法律上保障规制影响分析中有关公众参与的有效运行。其次,在具体操作上在尽可能扩大公众参与的主体范围的同时,采取具体、细致、灵活、多样的参与形式,经过多年实践,已成为加拿大公众参与的两大主要优势,并在医疗、教育等民生领域彰显出强大的优越性。基于对加拿大规制影响分析制度的分析,并结合当前新形势下我国的基本国情,在我国全而发展规制影响分析已经条件成熟：一是市场经济的的飞速发展使规制影响分析已经具备坚实的物质经济基础,二是决策层的高度重视和认可为其提供了有力的政治基础,三是广大公众主人翁意识的觉醒为其提供了广阔的群众基础。最重要的是,规制影响分析制度对我国的政治文明建设的长远发展具有重要的借鉴意义：其有利于发展社会主义民主政治,有利于保障公众的政治权益,有利于立法决策科学、公正。与此同时,我们应继续坚持以经济建设为中心,继续推行政治体制改革,加强社会主义法制建设,充分做好群众工作,充分发挥新闻媒体、网络的媒介作用,特别要从成本—效益角度制定相关法律文件,加强现有体制与规制影响分析制度之间的同构性与兼容性,使其能够更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务。最后,通过实际调查研究《青岛市物价监测条例》的立法过程,以及结合当前我国中央到地方的立法活动,我们可以乐观地看到,规制影响分析已经在我国“生根发芽”,只要经过不懈地努力,就一定能够成为我国政治文明建设的强有力的规制工具。
[Abstract]:Since the 70 's in the 20th century, with the development of the world's economic globalization, in order to be able to effectively improve the national comprehensive competitiveness, the western developed countries, led by the United States, have launched the reform to regulate the policy formulation and regulation and control as the main content. Among them, the regulatory impact analysis is one of the main tools in the development of regulatory policy tools. After more than 30 years of practice and development, the regulatory impact analysis has become an important regulatory tool in the western countries to improve the government's behavior, improve public participation, improve the government's accountability and improve the process of legislation and policy development. Canada is one of the representatives of OECD countries that have successfully implemented regulatory reforms. After more than twenty years of hard exploration, a set of effective and mature regulation and management system is finally formed. The most valuable is the application of the cost-benefit analysis method and the public participation in the regulation and analysis system. Because the cost-benefit analysis method can reflect the positive effect and the negative effect of the regulation at the same time, it is consistent with the goal of developing the public policy and the applicable situation is wide, so it is necessary to introduce the necessary analysis method in this economics into the regulation influence analysis It is of great significance to evaluate the rationality of a legislation, and it can evaluate the gain and loss of the legislation correctly, so as to guide the legislative activity. Cheng. The Government of Canada first will quantify and monetize as the core of the cost-benefit analysis, discount it, and finally compare the cost and benefit of the discount to obtain the "net present value". If the calculated "net present value" is greater than or equal to zero, it indicates that the benefit is greater than the cost and the regulation should be real A line; on the other hand, can't be real. Line. At the same time, specific specifications and legal protection are specified through the development and implementation of the Benefit-Cost Analysis Guide for Regulatory Procedures The other party research, Canada, as a federal system with deep public participation, attaches great importance to the role of public participation in government reform, and public participation as an important part of regulatory impact analysis system The Government of Canada therefore seeks to maximize the participation of the public under the regulatory impact analysis system, and to that end, the Government of Canada has made a number of efforts And explore. First of all, through the enactment of the Law on Legal Documents, the Regulations on the Regulation of the Fair Citizens' Code, the Directive on the Standardization of the Regulations of the Cabinet, the Guide to the Public Participation, and the like, the relevant public participation in the regulatory impact analysis is guaranteed in the law. After many years of practice, it has become the two main advantages of the public participation of Canada, and has become the two main advantages of the public participation in Canada. In the fields of health care, education and other people's livelihood, it has made a strong sense of power Based on the analysis of the influence and analysis system of the Canadian regulation, and in combination with the basic national conditions of our country under the new situation, the analysis of the effect of the regulation on the whole and the development of our country has become mature: the first is the rapid development of the market economy, and the analysis of the influence of the regulation already has a solid object On the basis of the economic base, the second is the high priority and the recognition of the decision-making level to provide a powerful political foundation, and the third is the awakening of the public ownership consciousness of the general public. The most important thing is that the regulatory impact analysis system is of great reference for the long-term development of the political civilization construction in China: it is conducive to the development of the socialist democratic politics, which is conducive to the guarantee of the public's political rights and interests, and is beneficial to the legislative decision-making At the same time, we should continue to adhere to the economic construction as the center, to continue to carry out the political system reform, to strengthen the socialist legal system, to make full use of the mass work, to give full play to the media and the media of the network, in particular to make a phase from the angle of cost and benefit To close the legal documents, strengthen the isomorphism and compatibility between the existing system and the regulation and analysis system so that it can better serve the socialism Finally, through the practical investigation and research on the legislative process of the price monitoring regulations in Qingdao, and the legislative activities in the central to local areas of our country, we can see that the regulatory impact analysis is already in our "rooting and germination", as long as it passes through The untiring efforts will surely be a strong political civilization construction in our country
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.1

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