我国法官权利保障研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 13:25

本文选题：法官　切入点：权利　出处：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：在依法治国进程日益推进的今天，人民法院肩负着贯彻依法治国基本方略的重要使命，，人民法官作为社会纠纷的化解者、社会和谐的促进者和社会正义的维护者，其自身的权利如何保障，越来越多地被社会各界所关注。在司法实践中，法官权利保障对于提升法官的职业尊严和社会声望、促进法官依法独立公正审判有着十分重要的意义。党的十七大以来，我国司法领域的各项改革方兴未艾、成效突出，但是，法官权利保障却未得到应有的重视，其理论研究不够系统深入、政策措施更是无从下手。因此，对法官权利保障问题开展研究，积极探索具有中国特色的法官权利保障制度，对于实现司法公正，提高司法效率，加快我国司法改革的进程，打造一支高素质、强能力并且比较稳定的法官队伍，显得十分迫切和必要。构建并不断完善法官权利保障制度是一项社会系统工程，应着眼于我国的政治体制改革和司法改革大局，并有赖于立法机关、党政机关、司法机关和社会各界的共同支持和长期努力。从上述理论观点和实践需要出发，本文以法官权利保障为主题，通过实证调研、文献综述和比较分析，对这一主题的相关问题进行了比较全面的研究。本文包括绪论和四章。绪论。介绍法官权利保障这一问题的研究背景和意义，对法官职业保障、法官权利保障、法官权力保障等若干重要概念加以明晰，并将它们之间的区别与联系加以说明。第一章：法官权利保障的基本理论。首先对法官权利的定义及法官权利保障的内涵作了界定。法官权利是法律所确立的权利，是指法官为合法、有效地履行职务所享有的、受法律保护的权利和利益。法官权利保障主要包含法官独立审判权、身份权、经济权和履行职务时特别权利的保障。提出了如今法官权利保障的内在必要性，对司法独立的内在要求，从基本内涵、司法独立的理论依据、司法独立的前置性条件进行分析。从理论与司法实践的双重角度上看，法官有人们广泛关注的社会基础、宪法中有关于独立审判的规定、《法官法》颁布实施的法律依据和法院推行“维权”活动的实践经验，论述了构建与完善法官权利保障机制的可行性。第二章：法官权利保障的域外考察。主要采取实证分析和比较研究的方法，对各国法官权利保障及其自身发展过程及本国政治、经济和文化状况相适应的个性特征进行了分析研究。列出国际规范中的法官身份保障、经济保障和特别权利保障的内容，将英美法系国家较为完善的法官权利保障和大陆法系国家较为系统的法官权利保障进行比较分析。世界上大部分国家和地区，特别是西方法治国家为保障法官独立审判，均对法官权利保障问题作了具体明确的规定。如：法官终身制、高薪制、司法豁免制等权利保障，同时，许多国际文件也对法官权利保障做出了相关规定。通过具体阐述国际规范中的法官权利保障，了解英美法系、大陆法系等代表性国家和地区有关法官权利保障、身份保障、经济保障、尊严保障等方面的制度概况。然后对国际规范及两大法系国家和地区法官权利保障从期限、地位、待遇等一系列制度上进行比较研究，从事实上证实了国际规范及两大法系表现出的相互借鉴、相互交融的趋势。因此，比较分析域外法官权利保障的共同点和不同点，探求法官权利保障发展的一般规律，对我国法官权利保障的构建与完善，将具有重要的借鉴与启示作用。第三章：我国法官权利保障的现状评析。从我国法官心理和工作现状来看，突出了法官心理面临的内外监督的压力、工作上面临日益复杂的法律运用及法官面临日益增大的涉诉信访压力。由于我国现行的法官权利保障机制，无论是从质量或数量上、观念与制度双重层面上都得不到有效的保障，从而导致了法官多方面权利保障不到位。其主要表现为法律规定过于原则导致法官独立审判权不到位、管理体制不合理导致法官身份保障不到位、经费依附性导致法官经济待遇不到位、保护体制的缺陷导致法官职业特权的不落实。而权利保障不到位进一步对法官心理状态产生了重大的影响。法官职业压力主要来源于权利保障的不到位，其主要包括独立审判、司法权威、法官地位及个人待遇等。因此，在分析我国法官权利保障现状的基础上，分别从观念层面、制度层面、经济层面、技术层面等四个方面阐述我国法官权利保障不到位、不完善的成因。第四章：我国法官权利保障的构建与完善。通过对我国当下法官权利保障的现状评析，提出了不断完善法官独立权利保障、身份权利保障、经济权利保障和特别权利保障的建议。逐步完善适合中国国情的法官权利保障体系和运行机制，从制度上确保法官依法履行职权，维护司法公正。首先，从外部环境和内部制度双方面实行构建与完善法官的独立审判权；进一步完善法官身份权利的保障，构建法官终身任职制、免职程序法定化、职务变更自愿制及退休年龄适当延长；完善法官经济权利的保障，构建合理的司法经费保障体系和合理的薪俸制度；完善法官履行职务时特别权利保障，分别从构建法官司法豁免制度、强化法官刑法保护、构建法官尊严保障、健全法官人身安全保障及身心健康保障机制五方面做了详细论述，并结合国际规范、英美法系和大陆法系国家和地区有关法官权利保障方面比较成熟的经验，提出了若干设想和建议。最后，本文提出：构建并不断完善法官权利保障制度是一项社会系统工程，应着眼于我国的政治体制改革和司法改革大局，并有赖于立法机关、党政机关、司法机关和社会各界的共同支持和长期努力。
[Abstract]:In the practice of administration of justice , the people ' s court bears the important mission of carrying out the basic strategy of ruling the country according to law , the people ' s judge is the mediator of social disputes , the promotion of social harmony and the maintenance of social justice . The reform in the judicial field of our country has been more and more important . In the practice of judicial practice , the judge ' s rights guarantee has not received due attention , and it is very urgent and necessary to construct and improve the judicial reform in our country .

From the above - mentioned theoretical viewpoint and practical need , this paper takes judge ' s rights protection as the subject , through empirical research , literature review and comparative analysis , carries on a comparatively comprehensive study on the related problems of this topic .

This article includes introduction and chapter four .

Introduction . Introduce the background and significance of the research background and significance of the judge ' s rights guarantee , and clarify some important concepts , such as judge ' s professional security , judge ' s rights safeguard , judge ' s power safeguard , etc . , and explain the differences and connections between them .

Chapter One : The basic theory of judge ' s rights guarantee . First , the definition of the judge ' s right and the connotation of judge ' s rights guarantee are defined . The judge ' s right is the right and the interests of the judge ' s right .

Chapter 2 : A comparative study of the rights of judges ' rights and their own development process and their own political , economic and cultural conditions .

Chapter 3 : The current situation of judge ' s rights guarantee in our country . From the view of the state of our judge ' s psychology and work , the author stresses the pressure of the internal and external supervision of the judge ' s psychology , and it is confronted with the increasingly complex legal application and the increasing legal representation of judge .

Chapter Four : The construction and perfection of the protection of the rights of the judges in our country . Through the analysis of the present situation of the current judge ' s rights guarantee , the author puts forward the suggestion to perfect the guarantee of the independent right of the judge , the guarantee of identity , the guarantee of economic rights and special rights .
To further improve the protection of the rights of the judge ' s identity , construct the tenure system of the judge , the law of the dismissal procedure , the voluntary system of job change and the appropriate extension of the retirement age ;
Perfecting the guarantee of the judge ' s economic rights , constructing a reasonable guarantee system of judicial funds and a reasonable salary system ;
In order to perfect the protection of the special rights of the judges in the performance of their duties , a detailed discussion is made on the establishment of the judicial immunity system of the judges , the protection of the criminal law of the judges , the construction of the protection of the dignity of the judges , the improvement of the personal safety of the judges and the mechanism of physical and mental health protection , and some ideas and suggestions are put forward in the light of the mature experience of international norms , the Anglo - American law system and the civil law system countries and regions .

Finally , this paper puts forward that the construction and continuous improvement of the system of judge ' s rights guarantee is a systematic project , which should focus on the reform of the political system and the reform of the judicial reform in our country , and it depends on the common support and long - term efforts of the legislature , the party and government organs , the judiciary and the community .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D926.2

【引证文献】