新闻自由与司法独立关系研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 22:47

本文选题：新闻自由 + 司法独立　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：新闻自由与司法独立是民主法治国家两项智慧而珍贵的结晶、两大同等重要的价值。新闻自由是民主政治的基石之一,司法独立则是法治国家的重要标志。新闻自由与司法独立有着密不可分的联系,二者之间又呈现出复杂的关系。现实情境中,媒体与法院从各自立场出发,即媒体为实现新闻自由积极介入司法活动,法院基于司法独立则排斥媒体的干扰,导致二者冲突的升级。随着网络时代的到来,在传统媒体与网络媒体的“夹击”下,一些案件上升为公共事件,案件的审理结果受到影响,案件裁判结果的正当性受到质疑,导致司法的独立性更加脆弱,司法的信赖危机越发严重。另一方面,近年来,法院积极加强与媒体的沟通与交流,加大对媒体权利的保护,主动接受媒体监督。但是,从现在的发展态势看,媒体就一些热点焦点案件的“监督力”受到公众的积极评价,而法院为促进公正审判所作出的工作努力及其整体形象则得不到应有的评价。本文首先从新闻自由与司法独立的概念、发展、理论基础、特性分析入手,从价值取向、宪政功能、承载体制、运行机理四个方面全面厘清新闻自由与司法独立的关系,而不是简单将二者定位于监督与被监督关系;其次从现实入手,分析媒体与法院冲突的样态及网络时代中二者关系的不均衡发展态势,并对折射出的问题予以理性反思;最后在对域外一些发达国家和国际组织平衡新闻自由与司法独立关系的经验进行比较和考量的基础上,立足于我国国情和现状,提出新闻自由与司法独立和谐关系构建的原则和具体制度设计意见,以期为我国的新闻法制建设作出微薄贡献。除了“导论”和“结语”,全文共分六章(第1章至第6章)。第1章简要阐述新闻自由的内涵、理论基础、权利实现与受制等基本问题,说明其是一项重要权利但要防止滥用。首先,笔者通过回顾中西新闻自由思想的历史演进,分析其内涵及权利属性;其次在梳理国外新闻自由发展脉络的基础上,多角度阐释新闻自由的理论基础;最后进一步分析新闻自由实现的条件、方式,特别指出为防止新闻自由权滥用应对其进行限制。第2章就司法独立的概念、基本要素、历史演进及司法受制等展开简要论述,说明其是民主社会一项重要价值,但其作为权力应受到制约。首先,笔者对各种界定司法概念的学说进行评析,阐述司法权的内涵、特性、权能及基本特征;其次,从理论探索和制度实践两方面,介绍了不同历史时期人们诉诸司法独立制度的价值吁求;再次,从司法权、法院及法官的独立阐述其基本要素,并结合我国具体实际阐述司法独立的特殊性,指出影响司法独立的制度性障碍;最后特别指出与司法独立并存的一个理念就是司法受制。第3章从价值取向、宪政功能、体制架构和运行机理四个视角,全面厘清新闻自由与司法独立的关系。首先,笔者以价值目标为视角,认为二者在追求自由、正义、秩序价值方面有着统一性;其次,以权力制约为视角,认为二者均具权力制约的功能导致在宪政功能上具有一致性。为有效制约权力尤其是行政权,二者又具有互补性;再次以媒体与法院关系为视角,从二者在我国在接受执政党领导上的一致性、满足公众知情权的契合性、自身发展方面双方具有的互补性三方面论述二者在承载体制上的相容性;最后,以媒体与法院之间的现实冲突为视角,从二者作为价值的固有特性、运作方式及各种主客观因素方面,分析二者在运行机理上的对立性。笔者认为,在应然层面上,新闻自由与司法独立在保护人权、实现社会正义、推进民主法治建设上是相互促进与统一的。在实然层面上,媒体与法院分别是这两大价值的主要载体,不同的价值主体站在各自的立场上强调两种价值的某一个方面时,就导致了价值冲突。二者在我国政治生态环境中通过现有权力机制尚能控制它们之间的冲突,但对二者冲突的危害性不可低估。它们都是民主与法治的重要力量,它们的冲突只会削弱彼此的力量和价值,整个社会也要为此付出代价。民主法治建设的进步,呼唤新闻自由与司法独立的和谐发展,而二者和谐发展关系的形成有赖于观念的进步和制度的安排。第4章在介绍媒体与法院冲突样态的基础上,对网络时代中媒体与法院关系的发展态势及折射的问题予以理性反思。媒体与法院的冲突由来已久,媒体为实现新闻自由权积极介入司法活动,法院基于司法独立排斥媒体的干扰,导致二者冲突的升级。随着网络时代的到来,个人的表达自由权在网络中得到充分发展,且网络日益成为多种话语权共存的空间。在网络媒体与传统媒体的“夹击”下,一些案件的审理结果受到影响,一些案件裁判结果的正当性受到质疑,导致司法的独立性更加脆弱,司法的信赖危机越发严重。另一方面,近年来法院积极加强与媒体的沟通与交流,加大对媒体权利的保护,主动接受媒体监督。但是,从现在的发展态势看,媒体就一些热点焦点案件对司法的“监督力”受到公众的积极评价,而法院为促进公正审判所作出的工作努力及其整体形象则得不到应有的评价。这种发展态势已不容小觑,需要构建相应的制度予以调整。第5章以比较法的方式,着重对英国、美国、德国、日本等国家及国际标准调整新闻自由与司法独立关系的立法与实践进行比较、评析,理清这些国家调整新闻自由与司法独立关系的思想变化与制度变迁,并为笔者结合我国国情,探寻协调与平衡媒体与司法冲突的制度,提供有益借鉴。第6章以我国调整媒体与法院关系制度的现状及缺憾为切入点,构建新闻自由与司法独立和谐关系的具体制度。首先,笔者从社会责任理论入手,提出加强媒体自律与网络伦理建设,理性处理与法院的关系;其次,提出法院要加强自我完善,以减少媒体对其负面评价;最后,从现有制度缺失入手,借鉴国外经验并结合我国国情,提出新闻自由与司法独立和谐关系制度构建的基本取向、原则及具体路径,以此实现二者共赢的局面。
[Abstract]:The freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary are the two precious crystals of the democratic rule of law and the two important values. The freedom of the press is one of the cornerstones of the democratic politics. The independence of the judiciary is an important symbol of the country ruled by law. The freedom of the press has an inseparable connection with the independence of the judiciary, and there is a complex relationship between the two and the reality. In the situation, the media and the court start from their respective positions, that is, the media actively intervenes in the judicial activities for the realization of the freedom of the press, and the court based on judicial independence excludes the interference of the media and leads to the escalation of the conflict between the two. The results of the trial are affected, the justification of the results of the referee is questioned, and the independence of the judiciary is more fragile and the trust crisis of the judiciary is more serious. On the other hand, in recent years, the court has actively strengthened communication and communication with the media, increased the protection of the media rights and actively accepted the supervision of the media. In the media, the "supervision power" of some hot and focus cases is actively evaluated by the public, and the effort and overall image of the court for the promotion of a fair trial can not be evaluated. This article begins with the concept, development, theoretical foundation and characteristic analysis of the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary, from the value orientation and the constitutional function, The four aspects of the carrying system and the operating mechanism comprehensively clarify the relationship between the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary, instead of simply positioning the two in the relationship between supervision and supervision. Secondly, starting with the reality, it analyzes the pattern of the conflict between the media and the court and the unbalanced development trend of the relations between the two parties in the network era, and gives a rational reflection on the problems reflected. At last, based on the comparison and consideration of the experience of balance between the freedom of the press and the independence of judicature in some developed countries and international organizations, based on the situation and present situation of our country, the principle of the construction of the harmonious relationship between the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary and the design of the specific system are put forward, with a view to making a slight contribution to the construction of our country's news legal system. Thin contribution.
In addition to "Introduction" and "epilogue", the full text is divided into six chapters (first chapters to sixth chapters).
The first chapter briefly expounds the connotation of freedom of the press, the basis of the theory, the realization of rights and the basic problems, which shows that it is an important right but to prevent abuse. First, the author analyzes the historical evolution of the thought of freedom of news in China and the west, and analyzes its connotation and rights attributes; secondly, on the basis of combing the development of foreign news freedom, the author This paper explains the theoretical basis of the freedom of the press; finally, it further analyzes the conditions and ways of the realization of the freedom of the press, and especially points out that it should be limited to prevent the abuse of the right to press freedom.
The second chapter briefly discusses the concept, basic elements, historical evolution and judicial system of judicial independence, which shows that it is an important value of the democratic society, but it should be restricted as power. First, the author evaluates the theory of the definition of justice, expounds the connotation, characteristics, power and basic characteristics of the legal rights; secondly, from In the two aspects of theoretical exploration and system practice, the value appeal of people in different historical periods to appeal to judicial independence is introduced. Again, the basic elements of the judicial power, the court and the judge are expounded, and the particularity of the independence of the judiciary is expounded in combination with the concrete reality of our country, and the institutional obstacles to the independence of the judiciary are pointed out. The concept of judicial independence coexists with judicial restraint.
The third chapter clarifies the relationship between the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary from four perspectives, the value orientation, the constitutional function, the institutional framework and the operating mechanism. First, the author thinks that the two have unity in the pursuit of freedom, justice and order value in the perspective of value goals, and secondly, the two are all restricted by power constraints. The function leads to the consistency of the constitutional function. In order to effectively restrict the power, especially the administrative power, the two are complementary. Again, the relationship between the media and the court is the angle of view, from the consistency of the two parties in our country to accept the leadership of the ruling party, meet the agreement of the public's right to know, and the complementarity of the two sides of the three sides of the two sides of their own development. The compatibility of the two parties on the bearing system is described. Finally, the contradiction between the media and the court is taken as the perspective, and the contradiction between the two parties as the intrinsic characteristics of the value, the mode of operation and the various subjective and objective factors is analyzed. The author holds that, at the level, the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary are in the protection of human rights. The social justice is promoting and unifying each other in the construction of democratic rule of law. On the solid level, the media and the court are the main carriers of these two values. The different value subjects stand on one aspect of the two values in their respective positions and lead to the conflict of value. The two are through the political ecological environment of our country. The existing power mechanism can still control the conflict between them, but the harmfulness of the two conflicts can not be underestimated. They are both important forces of democracy and the rule of law. Their conflict will only weaken each other's strength and value, and the whole society must pay for it. The progress of democracy and the rule of law calls for the harmony of the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary. Development, and the harmonious development relationship between the two depends on the progress of ideas and institutional arrangements.
The fourth chapter, based on the introduction of the state of conflict between the media and the court, gives a rational reflection on the development and refraction of the relationship between the media and the court in the network era. The conflict between the media and the court has a long history. The media has actively intervened in the judicial activities for the realization of the right to press freedom, and the court is based on the interference of the judicial independence and the exclusion of the media, resulting in the two parties. With the advent of the network era, the right of individual freedom of expression has been fully developed in the network, and the network has become more and more space for the coexistence of a variety of discourse rights. Under the "attack" between the network media and the traditional media, the results of some cases are affected, and the legitimacy of the results of some cases is questioned, leading to the division. The independence of the law is more fragile and the crisis of the trust of the judiciary is more serious. On the other hand, in recent years, the court has actively strengthened communication and communication with the media, increased the protection of media rights and actively accepted the supervision of the media. However, from the present development trend, the media on the "supervision power" of some hot focus cases has been accumulated by the public. The efforts of the court to promote a fair trial and the overall image of the court do not have to be evaluated. This development can not be underestimated, and the corresponding system is needed to be adjusted.
The fifth chapter, in the way of comparative law, focuses on the comparison of the legislation and practice of adjusting the independent relationship between the freedom of the press and the judiciary by the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Japan and other national standards. To clarify and analyze the ideological changes and institutional changes in these countries to adjust the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary, and to explore the coordination of the author in combination with the national conditions of our country. The system of balancing media and judicial conflicts provides useful reference.
The sixth chapter, based on the current situation and shortcomings of China's adjustment of the relationship between the media and the court, constructs the concrete system of the relationship between the freedom of the press and the independence of the judiciary. First, the author, starting with the theory of social responsibility, proposes to strengthen the construction of media self-discipline and network ethics, and rationally deal with the relationship with the Law Institute. Secondly, the author proposes to strengthen the self-improvement of the court. In order to reduce the negative evaluation of the media, in the end, starting with the absence of the existing system, drawing on the experience of foreign countries and combining the national conditions of our country, the basic orientation, the principle and the concrete path of the construction of the system of freedom of the press and the independence and harmony of the judiciary are put forward to achieve the win-win situation of the two.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D916;G210

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