我国少年教养制度研究

发布时间：2018-07-02 11:12

本文选题：少年教养制度 + 违法犯罪　；参考：《安徽大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：改革开放以来,青少年违法犯罪呈持续增长的趋势,对违法犯罪少年进行教育和矫正关系到青少年的健康成长和国家的未来发展。我国对违法法犯罪少年进行设施内教养主要有两种形式：一种是少年教养,一种是工读学校。少年教养包括少年收容教养和少年劳动教养。开放式的少年教养制度的设施是用于少年居住,为少年提供帮助和指导的地方,并不是用来监禁少年的场所,没有对少年的自由加以限制,也不与社会脱离。以社会为基础的少年教养制度是指在违法犯罪少年不脱离社会的情况下,依靠社会的力量对其进行教育矫正。由于少年自身生理心理的特点,与社会进行隔离教养不能收到良好的矫正效果,现代社会越来越倾向于这种做法。我国的社会帮教是以社会为基础的少年教养制度。它既不是行政处罚也不是刑事处罚,而是一种根据刑法和其他有关犯罪的规定所确定的对那些轻微犯罪行为但又不够刑事处罚、劳动教养等处罚的犯罪少年所进行的帮教工作。我国少年教养制度有其存在的思想渊源和指导思想。中国传统文化源远流长、博大精深,历经五千年历史的积淀,形成比较系统而完整的体系,教养思想是这一文化体系的重要组成部分。教养思想的根基,形成于春秋战国时期,兴起于汉唐,盛于宋的儒家文化。这种文化所倡导的伦理政治主张和道德教化原则,成为中国教养思想最为深厚的文化滋养。我们可以从儒家学说中汲取很多关于人的可塑性的理论,即人至少是能够学习善的理性存在物,这种善是个体通过恰当的社会教育——礼的内化而培养出来的品质。少年之所以会违法犯罪,是因为他们没有学到正确的行为规范,或者没有将这些规范足够地内化。我国坚持马克思主义改造社会、改造人的学说,用积极的刑事政策和社会政策处理违法犯罪问题,用人道主义感化人,开创了矫正科学发展的新纪元。我国对于违法犯罪的少年,坚持保护为主、惩罚为辅的原则,实行“教育、感化、挽救”的方针,我国少年教育制度逐步走上法制化、科学化和社会化的轨道。我国少年教养制度也存在一些问题,如教养活动现行法条陈旧过时,有的法律问题早已不适应司法实践需要,导致教养活动处于混乱状况。由于少年犯罪日益严重,少年教养机构陷入了人满为患的困境,国家难以支付这一巨大开支。我国的少年教养机构大多规模大、设备陈旧、管理方法制度落后,被教养者容易相互交叉感染,教育矫正的效果往往不令人满意。我国的少年教养人员缺乏技能培训,获释后难以找到一份工作,很难阻止他们重新犯罪。少年教养人员获释后没有得到很好的安置和保护,重返社会后仍然生活在一个不好的生活环境里,容易再次犯罪。我国少年教养制度需要完善创新。应当以《未成年人保护法》为指导,制定《未成年人教养法》,以构成保护青少年法律中的配套立法,与将拟订的《少年刑法》《少年劳改条例》等取得同等地位。教养法应集组织法、实体法和程序法为一体,把领导管理体制、教养模式、审批执行程序、教养管理制度等纳入法律轨道,还应注意解决教养实践中的一系列法律问题。明确被教养人的法律地位。作为教养法律关系的主体,被教养人应当具有法定权利和义务。应当发展一些民间团体,如更生保护会、兄姐会,减轻国家压力。发动更多的志愿者开展对少年的更生保护工作,注重依靠社会各方面力量实行综合治理。应当将少年教养人员实施分类处遇。由医学、社会学、心理学、教育学工作者对犯罪少年进行检查、鉴别、评价,根据每-个少年的具体情况决定将其送往最适合的设施,并给予最恰当的处遇方式。尽可能把具有共同性质问题的人收容在同一设施内,制定相应的教育内容和指导方法。应当注重对少年教养人员的职业教育,实行生产和技能的职业训练,委托少年院外的工厂企业进行职业培训,带他们去社会工厂实习,制定院外委托职业辅导制度。应当注重对违法犯罪少年获释后的安置。规定教养期限和期满后保护措施。实行预后性保护,由社会方方面面配合,妥善安排其升学就业门径。少年教养机构对于重返社会生活的少年的住处,事先要调查访问,必要时进行各种调整,以便少年重返社会能够生活在一个良好的生活环境。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, juvenile delinquency has been on the trend of continuous growth. The education and correction of juvenile delinquents are related to the healthy growth of young people and the future development of the country. There are two main forms of education in the facilities for juvenile delinquents in China: one is juvenile rearing, the other is the school of work reading. The facilities of the open juvenile rearing system are places for young people to live and provide help and guidance to juveniles, not places for juvenile delinquents, no restrictions on the freedom of juveniles, or disengagement from society. The juvenile rearing system based on social associations refers to illegal offenders. The juvenile delinquents are not divorced from society and rely on social forces to educate and correct them. Because of their own physiological and psychological characteristics, they are not able to receive good corrections from the society. Modern society is more and more inclined to this practice. Our social assistance is a social based juvenile rearing system. It is not an administrative penalty or a criminal penalty, but a kind of helper work for juvenile delinquents, which are determined by the provisions of criminal law and other related crimes, for those juvenile delinquents who have been punished for minor criminal acts but are not penal penal and reeducation through labour.
China's juvenile rearing system has its ideological origin and guiding ideology. Chinese traditional culture has a long history, extensive and profound, after five thousand years of historical accumulation, forming a relatively systematic and complete system. The education thought is an important part of this cultural system. The foundation of the rearing thought is formed in the period of the spring and autumn and Warring States period and rose in the Han and Tang Dynasties. In the song's Confucian culture, the ethical and political advocacy and moral education advocated by this culture have become the most profound cultural nourishment for China's upbringing. We can draw a lot of theories about the plasticity of human beings from the Confucian doctrine, that is, man is at least a rational existence that can learn good, which is the right of the individual to pass the right. Social Education - the quality of the internalization of rites. The reason why juvenile delinquency is illegal is because they do not learn the correct norms of behavior, or do not internalize these norms sufficiently. Our country adheres to the Marx doctrine to transform society, reforms the theory of human beings, and uses active criminal policy and social policy to deal with illegal and criminal questions. We have created a new era for the development of orthodontic science with humanitarianism. In our country, the principle of protecting the juvenile delinquency, adhering to the principle of protection, supplemented by punishment, and carrying out the policy of "education, sensitivity and saving", China's juvenile education system is gradually on the track of legalization, science and socialization.
There are also some problems in the system of juvenile rearing in our country. For example, the current law article is obsolete, and some legal problems have long been incompatible with the needs of judicial practice, and the rearing activities are in a chaotic situation. Because juvenile delinquency is becoming more and more serious, the juvenile correctional institutions are in a plight of overcrowding, and the state is difficult to pay this huge expenditure. Most of the juvenile rearing institutions are large in scale, old equipment, backward management system, and easy to cross infection by the rearing people. The effect of education and correction is often unsatisfactory. The juvenile correctional personnel in our country are lack of skill training, and it is difficult to find a job after release. It is well placed and protected. After reintegration, it still lives in a bad living environment, so it is easy to commit crimes again.
The system of juvenile rearing in China needs to be perfected and innovated. Under the guidance of the law on the protection of minors, the law of minors' rearing should be formulated to form a supporting legislation in the law of the protection of young people and to achieve the same status as the juvenile penal law > juvenile reform regulations. Guide management system, rearing pattern, examination and approval procedure, and rearing management system are incorporated into the legal track. We should also pay attention to solving a series of legal problems in the practice of upbringing. The legal status of the rearing people should be clearly defined. As the main body of the legal relationship of rearing, the people should have legal rights and obligations. Some folk groups should be developed, such as more. The health protection meeting, the elder brother and sister meeting, lighten the state pressure, launch more volunteers to carry out the protection of the youth's life, and pay attention to the comprehensive treatment of all aspects of society. The juvenile correctional personnel should be carried out in the Classification Department. The author examines, identifies, evaluate and bases on the juvenile delinquents by medical, sociological, psychological and educational authors. The specific circumstances of each teenager decide to send it to the most suitable facilities and give the most appropriate way of meeting. As far as possible, the person with the common nature should be accommodated in the same facility, and the corresponding educational content and guiding methods are formulated. The vocational education of the juvenile correctional personnel should be paid attention to, and the professional training of production and skills should be carried out. The factory enterprises outside the children's hospital carry out vocational training, take them to the social factory practice, and formulate the system of vocational guidance outside the hospital. We should pay attention to the resettlement after the release of juvenile delinquents. Stipulate the period of rearing and the protection measures after the expiration of the period. The annual reintegration institutions have to investigate and visit the residence of the young people who return to the social life, and make various adjustments when necessary so that the juvenile reintegration will be able to live in a good living environment.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D926.8

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